247 research outputs found
Expedient Synthesis of 1,5-Diketones by Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroacylation Enabled by C–C Bond Cleavage
A rhodium-catalyzed
interÂmolecular hydroÂacylation reaction
of vinyl cyclobutanols with non-chelating aldehydes has been developed.
This reaction offers a new and atom-economical approach for the selective
preparation of 1,5-diketones in high yields. Experimental data suggest
a sequential ring-opening, transfer hydrogenation, and hydroÂacylation
mechanism. We propose that aldehyde decarbonylation is avoided by
the formation of a novel rhodium enolate species that also accounts
for the compatibility of a broad range of aldehydes and its <i>anti</i>-Markovnikov selectivity
Mitochondrial function following ethanol exposure: Cardiomyocyte mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in FVB and ADH mice with or without acute ethanol exposure.
<p>JC-1 fluorochrome was shown as the ratio of red to green fluorescence. CCCP was used a positive control. Mean ± SEM, n = 9–14 cells per group, * p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB, # p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB-EtOH group.</p
Mitochondrial O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup> generation following ethanol exposure: Mitochondrial O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup> generation using the MitoSOX Red probe in cardiomyocytes from FVB and ADH mice with or without acute ethanol exposure.
<p>Cohorts of non-ethanol-treated FVB cardiomyocytes were incubated with the ADH enzymatic metabolite of ethanol, acetaldehyde (ACA, 100 µM), for 4 hrs at 37°C prior to MitoSOX Red measurement. A–E: Representative fluorescence images (40x) from FVB, FVB-EtOH, ADH, ADH-EtOH and FVB-ACA groups. F: Pooled data. Mean ± SEM, n = 15–20 fields per group, * p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB, # p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB-EtOH group.</p
Effect of ethanol exposure on cardiac function: Effect of acute ethanol exposure on cardiac contractile function using a Langendorff perfusion system in FVB and ADH mice.
<p>A: Left ventricular developing pressure (LVDP); B and C: Maximal velocity of pressure development (+dP/dt) and decline (−dP/dt). Mean ± SEM, n = 5–10 hearts per group, * p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB, # p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB-EtOH group.</p
Mitochondrial death pathway in myocardium following ethanol exposure: Expression of pro-caspase-9 (B), cytosolic pro-caspase-9 (C), cytosolic cytochrome C (D), cytosolic pro-caspase-8 (E) and cytosolic AIF (F) in myocardium from FVB and ADH mice with or without acute ethanol exposure.
<p>Panel A depicts representative gels using specific antibodies. Mean ± SEM, n = 4–8 samples per group, all samples were in duplicates with the average being used, * p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB group.</p
Histological analyses following ethanol exposure: Histological analyses hearts from FVB and ADH mice with or without ethanol exposure.
<p>A - D: H&E staining micrographs of transverse sections of left ventricular myocardium (x 400) from FVB, FVB-EtOH, ADH and ADH-EtOH groups; E: Quantitative analysis of cardiomyocyte cross-sectional (transverse) area using measurements of ∼150 cardiomyocytes from 3–5 mice per group. Mean ± SEM, * p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB, # p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB-EtOH group.</p
Expression of protein phosphatases in myocardium from FVB and ADH mice with or without acute ethanol challenge (3 g/kg, i.p. for 3 days).
<p>A: Representative gel blots depicting expression of PP2AA, PP2AB, PP2Cα and GAPDH (loading control); B: PP2AA; C: PP2AB; and D: PP2Cα. Mean ± SEM, n = 6–8 samples per group, * p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB group, # p<0.05 <i>vs</i>. FVB-EtOH group.</p
Effects of warming and N addition on cellulose and lignin contents of <i>L</i>. <i>chinensis</i> (A and B) and <i>P</i>. <i>communis</i> (C and D) from 2008 to 2010.
<p>C: Control; W: Warming; N: N addition; WN: Warming plus N addition. Vertical bars represent the standard error of the mean (n = 6). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (<i>P</i> < 0.05) between treatments.</p
Expression of pan and phosphorylated LKB1 in myocardium from FVB and ADH mice with or without acute ethanol challenge (3 g/kg, i.p. for 3 days).
<p>A: Representative gel blots depicting expression of LKB1, phosphorylated LKB1 (pLKB) and GAPDH (loading control); B: pan LKB1; C: pLKB1; and D: pLKB1/LKB1 ratio. Mean ± SEM, n = 6–8 samples per group, * p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB group, # p<0.05 <i>vs</i>. FVB-EtOH group.</p
Change in cardiomyocyte contraction in response to increasing stimulus frequency (0.1–5.0 Hz) in adult FVB and ADH mice with or without acute ethanol (EtOH) challenge (3 g/kg, i.p. for 3 days).
<p>Peak shortening (PS) amplitude was normalized to the PS value obtained at 0.1 Hz from the same cell. Mean ± SEM, n = 24–26 cells from 3–4 mice per group, * p<0.05 <i>vs.</i>FVB group, # p<0.05 <i>vs.</i> FVB-EtOH group.</p
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