Barely visible impact damage in scaled composite laminates:Experiments and numerical simulations

Black pepper protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Genes with high expression in P. flaviflorum are shown in red, and genes with high expression in PN are shown in blue. The node size correlates to the degree of difference in P. nigrum/P. flaviflorum. (PNG 2446 kb

Here is fixed to 10 to reduce the data sparsity.

<p>Because the network is relatively small, the largest degree we get is only 30. Therefore, the results in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110184#pone-0110184-g006" target="_blank">Figure 6a</a> just demonstrate that when the degree is small, how the sentiments' correlations vary with node degrees. While regarding to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110184#pone-0110184-g006" target="_blank">Figure 6b</a>, the linear bin is used to get emotion sequences for nodes with clusterings within the same bin.</p

Pearson correlations of different for different networks extracted by varying

<p>The case of is not considered here because of the weak sentiment correlation found in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110184#pone-0110184-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>.</p

(Color online) The giant connected cluster of a network sample with

<p>(a) is the network structure, in which each node stands for a user and the link between two users represents the interaction between them. Based on this topology, we color each node by its emotion, i.e., the sentiment with the maximum tweets published by this node in the sampling period. In (b), the red stands for <i>anger</i>, the green represents <i>joy</i>, the blue stands for <i>sadness</i> and the black represents <i>disgust</i>. The regions of same color indicate that closely connected nodes share the same sentiment.</p

The number of nodes or edges varies for different interaction threshold

<p>In the following part of the present work, we set to extract a large enough network with convincing interaction strength.</p

The example Chinese keywords extracted for <i>anger</i>(left) and <i>sadness</i>(right), respectively.

<p>The top 20 keywords are also translated into English, which could be found through <a href="http://goo.gl/tl4q45" target="_blank">http://goo.gl/tl4q45</a>.</p

Correlations with error-bar for different emotions as the hop distance varies.

<p>Large means a pair of users are far away from each other in the social network we build. Here is fixed.</p

Table5_Comparative analysis of the chloroplast genomes of eight Piper species and insights into the utilization of structural variation in phylogenetic analysis.xlsx

With more than 2000 species, Piper is regarded as having high medicinal, cosmetic, and edible value. There also remain some taxonomic and evolutionary uncertainties about the genus. This study performed chloroplast genome sequencing of eight poorly studied Piper species and a comparative analysis with black pepper (Piper nigrum). All examined species were highly similar in gene content, with 79 protein-coding genes, 24 tRNAs, and four rRNAs. They also harbored significant structural differences: The number of SSRs ranged from 63 to 87, over 10,000 SNPs were detected, and over 1,000 indels were found. The spatial distribution of structural differences was uneven, with the IR and LSC being relatively more conserved and the SSC region highly variable. Such structural variations of the chloroplast genome can help in evaluating the phylogenetic relationships between species, deciding some hard-to-distinguish evolutionary relationships, or eliminating improper markers. The SSC region may be evolving at high speed, and some species showed a high degree of sequence variation in the SSC region, which seriously affected marker sequence detection. Conversely, CDS sequences tended to lack variation, and some CDSs can serve as ideal markers for phylogenetic reconstruction. All told, this study provides an effective strategy for selecting chloroplast markers, analyzing difficult-to-distinguish phylogenetic relationships and avoiding the taxonomic errors caused by high degree of sequence variations.</p

Table2_Comparative analysis of the chloroplast genomes of eight Piper species and insights into the utilization of structural variation in phylogenetic analysis.xlsx

With more than 2000 species, Piper is regarded as having high medicinal, cosmetic, and edible value. There also remain some taxonomic and evolutionary uncertainties about the genus. This study performed chloroplast genome sequencing of eight poorly studied Piper species and a comparative analysis with black pepper (Piper nigrum). All examined species were highly similar in gene content, with 79 protein-coding genes, 24 tRNAs, and four rRNAs. They also harbored significant structural differences: The number of SSRs ranged from 63 to 87, over 10,000 SNPs were detected, and over 1,000 indels were found. The spatial distribution of structural differences was uneven, with the IR and LSC being relatively more conserved and the SSC region highly variable. Such structural variations of the chloroplast genome can help in evaluating the phylogenetic relationships between species, deciding some hard-to-distinguish evolutionary relationships, or eliminating improper markers. The SSC region may be evolving at high speed, and some species showed a high degree of sequence variation in the SSC region, which seriously affected marker sequence detection. Conversely, CDS sequences tended to lack variation, and some CDSs can serve as ideal markers for phylogenetic reconstruction. All told, this study provides an effective strategy for selecting chloroplast markers, analyzing difficult-to-distinguish phylogenetic relationships and avoiding the taxonomic errors caused by high degree of sequence variations.</p

Image3_Comparative analysis of the chloroplast genomes of eight Piper species and insights into the utilization of structural variation in phylogenetic analysis.pdf

With more than 2000 species, Piper is regarded as having high medicinal, cosmetic, and edible value. There also remain some taxonomic and evolutionary uncertainties about the genus. This study performed chloroplast genome sequencing of eight poorly studied Piper species and a comparative analysis with black pepper (Piper nigrum). All examined species were highly similar in gene content, with 79 protein-coding genes, 24 tRNAs, and four rRNAs. They also harbored significant structural differences: The number of SSRs ranged from 63 to 87, over 10,000 SNPs were detected, and over 1,000 indels were found. The spatial distribution of structural differences was uneven, with the IR and LSC being relatively more conserved and the SSC region highly variable. Such structural variations of the chloroplast genome can help in evaluating the phylogenetic relationships between species, deciding some hard-to-distinguish evolutionary relationships, or eliminating improper markers. The SSC region may be evolving at high speed, and some species showed a high degree of sequence variation in the SSC region, which seriously affected marker sequence detection. Conversely, CDS sequences tended to lack variation, and some CDSs can serve as ideal markers for phylogenetic reconstruction. All told, this study provides an effective strategy for selecting chloroplast markers, analyzing difficult-to-distinguish phylogenetic relationships and avoiding the taxonomic errors caused by high degree of sequence variations.</p