Viscous-shock-layer analysis of hypersonic flows over long slender vehicles

An efficient and accurate method for solving the viscous shock layer equations for hypersonic flows over long slender bodies is presented. The two first order equations, continuity and normal momentum, are solved simultaneously as a coupled set. The flow conditions included are from high Reynolds numbers at low altitudes to low Reynolds numbers at high altitudes. For high Reynolds number flows, both chemical nonequilibrium and perfect gas cases are analyzed with surface catalytic effects and different turbulence models, respectively. At low Reynolds number flow conditions, corrected slip models are implemented with perfect gas case. Detailed comparisons are included with other predictions and experimental data

The Opportunity Cost of Electricity Outages and Privatization of Substations in Nepal

The unreliability of electricity supplies is a major cause of the high cost of manufacturing in developing countries. In this paper, we are able to measure the cost imposed by power outages and suggest some feasible mitigating measures. The study employs a rich, if not unique, set of data from three large manufacturing enterprises in Nepal. Using it, the opportunity costs to the enterprises from lost production from electricity outages can be estimated accurately. Power outages due to substation failure can be separated from other electricity systems failures. An analysis is carried out on the feasibility of privatized electricity substations. We find that this is a very worthwhile capital investment for the private sector to undertake, even when additional generation capacity to improve overall electricity reliability is not justified.electricity supply, reliability, opportunity costs, privatization

The use of cultural memory in reinforcing contemporary Russian patriotism: A case study of the film Stalingrad (2013)

According to cultural memory theory, cultural tools such as texts and symbols transmit the knowledge of meaningful historical events to groups. These cultural tools reproduce history by cultivating narratives that are relevant in a given time, and thus reflect the ongoing concerns over memory. The purpose of communicating significant turning points in a nation\u27s history is to create a system of values, a self-image and the continuity of a nation. Films are considered to be both textual and visual representations of cultural memory. Since memory and commemoration of the Second World War have gone through many changes, one has to analyze how cultural memory has influenced the portrayal as well as the reception of the event. The aim of this master\u27s thesis is to bring out what kind of narratives and symbols are used in the film Stalingrad, which was produced in 2013, in order to foster patriotism in contemporary Russia. Stalingrad, directed by Fyodor Bondarchuk, with screenplay by Ilya Tilkin and Sergey Snezhkin, is the all-time highest-grossing war feature film in Russia that portrays the Battle of Stalingrad.;Discourse analysis is chosen as method of the research, which will incorporate narrative analysis, intertextual analysis and iconographic analysis. The research reveals that Stalingrad influences cultural memory by using new technology, music, simple plot and by creating emotional attachment to characters. By applying four main narratives that are products of the wartime portrayal of the Second World War, but which have their roots in the pre-Soviet Russian culture -- a holy war a war to save the motherland, a war to save Russian civilization, and a battle to the death -- the film reinforces patriotism. The continuity of the Russian state and the connection with Old Russian culture is transmitted in the film through the use of Orthodox symbols and intertextuality with previous war films and literature. Stalingrad\u27s dialogue with Western films contests various narratives; on the other hand it justifies Russian patriotism by showing that it does not differ from American patriotism

The use of cultural memory in reinforcing contemporary russian patriotism on the example of film Stalingrad (2013)

http://www.ester.ee/record=b446407