10 research outputs found

    Mineral nutrition in penaeid shrimp

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    This review summarises the current knowledge of mineral nutrition for penaeid shrimp. It investigates how the aquatic environment and the lifecycle of shrimp affect requirements and the role that minerals play in shrimp health. Methods of supplying minerals via either water or to feed, and novel ways of supplementing minerals within feed, are discussed. The requirements for individual minerals are summarised with recommendations for minimum levels of dietary inclusion for semi-intensive and intensive commercial shrimp culture presented where data permits. Estimates of dietary requirement remain broad for most minerals for the main shrimp production species (Penaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodon and Penaeus japonicus), with some essential minerals remaining unstudied (Table 2 in Section 5.10). Mineral nutrition will become more important as intensification and diversification of production systems provide new challenges to shrimp aquaculture.</p

    Lipoxygenase Enzymes, Oligosaccharides (Raffinose and Stachyose) and 11sA4 and A5 Globulins of Glycinin Present in Soybean Meal Are Not Drivers of Enteritis in Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

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    Soybean meal has been largely investigated and commercially used in fish nutrition. However, its inclusion levels have been carefully considered due to the presence of antinutritional factors, which depending on a series of factors might induce gut inflammation damaging the mucosal integrity and causing enteritis. Several strategies including genetic engineering have been applied attempting to reduce or eliminate some of the antinutritional factors. Accordingly, we assessed the intestinal health of juvenile Atlantic salmon fed high levels of speciality soybean genotypes with reduced-to-no content amounts of lipoxygenases, altered glycinin profile and reduced levels of oligosaccharides. No major signs of enteritis, only indication of enteritis progression, was noticed in the soybean meal-based diets illustrated by mild changes in distal intestine morphology. Whereas fish, fed fishmeal control feeds, displayed normal distal intestine integrity. Speciality soybean types did not improve intestinal health of juvenile Atlantic salmon suggesting these antinutrients are not drivers of the intestinal inflammatory process in this species. No additional benefits in terms of production performance or blood biochemistry were noticed in the speciality soybean types compared to the traditional soybean

    The marine microbial biomass, Novacq™, a useful feed additive for postlarvae and juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

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    Although Litopenaeus vannamei is the most produced and researched shrimp species worldwide, there are no published studies evaluating the use of the microbial biomass, Novacq™, in L. vannamei feeds. This study investigated the effects of supplementing Novacq™ at 100 g kg in practical and commercial feeds in postlarvae 12 (PL 12) and juvenile white leg shrimp. Three experiments were carried out. In Experiment 1, PL12 were fed for 21 days with a Control, Novacq™ or Commercial feed. The Novacq feed was equal in PL12 performance to the Commercial diet and superior to the Control (final individual weight = 0.169, 0.167 and 0.087 g; percentage weight gain = 8014, 7956 and 4091% for Novacq™, Commercial and Control feeds, respectively). No statistical differences in survival, coefficient of variation and daily feed offered were observed across dietary treatments. In Experiments 2 and 3 the performance of juvenile shrimp fed practical and Commercial feeds supplemented with Novacq™ for 42 days, respectively. In Experiment 2, Novacq™ feed outperformed the Control feed by improving survival (89 vs. 51%), final individual weight (7.4 vs. 3.5 g), weight gain (7.1 vs. 3.2 g), and percentage weight gain (1997 vs. 898%). In Experiment 3 supplementing Novacq™ into the Commercial feed improved performance (final individual weight = 6.4 vs. 5.5 g, weight gain = 6.0 vs. 5.1 g, and percentage weight gain = 1712 vs 1443%) and reduced the coefficient of variation (19 vs 53%). Shrimp fed feeds containing Novacq™ also displayed numerically reduced daily feed offered and estimated feed conversion ratio values in comparison to the other dietary treatments. Whole-body composition was similar across dietary treatments. In summary, supplementation of Novacq™ in practical and Commercial feeds improved growth and efficiency of PL12 and juvenile shrimp suggesting its validity as a useful feed additive in the nutrition of white leg shrimp

    Health response in yellowtail Seriola dorsalis exposed to an Amyloodinium ocellatum outbreak

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    Marine fish culture, both in hatchery and grow-out systems, is prone to parasitic infestations, which lead to fish health impairment and generally high mortality rates. The most frequent disease in these cultures, amyloodiniosis, is caused by the dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum, the parasite considered to inflict the most considerable damage on commercial marine fish ventures. In recent years, the yellowtail Seriola dorsalis cultured in Baja California has undergone recurrent parasitic infections. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of a parasitic infection (A. ocellatum) in juvenile yellowtail in terms of mortality, gill histology, and blood parameters. Fish exposed to parasitic infection exhibited 100% prevalence, with mean intensity of 766 ± 500 parasites per fish (grand mean ± SD). Gill histological analyses indicated damage characterized by inflammation, epithelial detachment, hyperplasia, fusion of secondary lamellae, telangiectasia, and proliferation of mucous cells. Regarding blood parameters, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and hemoglobin, glucose, and triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher (P 0.05). This study demonstrated that A. ocellatum infection caused severe gill damage, affecting gas exchange efficiency, which resulted in blood parameter changes and, consequently, high mortality rates in a short-term period

    Intensification of Penaeid Shrimp Culture: An Applied Review of Advances in Production Systems, Nutrition and Breeding

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    Intensification of the shrimp sector, also referred to as vertical expansion, has been predominately driven by consecutive incidences of global disease outbreaks, which have caused enormous economic loss for the main producer countries. A growing segment of the shrimp farming industry has opted to use production systems with higher density, biosecurity, and operating control to mitigate the risks posed by disease. However, successful super-intensive shrimp production is reliant on an advanced understanding of many important biological and economic parameters in the farming system, coupled with effective monitoring, to maintain optimal production. Compared to traditional extensive or semi-intensive systems, super-intensive systems require higher inputs of feed, energy, labor, and supplements. These systems are highly sensitive to the interactions between these different inputs and require that the biological and economical parameters of farming are carefully balanced to ensure success. Advancing nutritional knowledge and tools to support consistent and efficient production of shrimp in these high-cost super-intensive systems is also necessary. Breeding programs developing breeding-lines selected for these challenging super-intensive environments are critical. Understanding synergies between the key areas of production systems, nutrition, and breeding are crucial for super-intensive farming as all three areas coalesce to influence the health of shrimp and commercial farming success. This article reviews current strategies and innovations being used for Litopenaeus vannamei in production systems, nutrition, and breeding, and discusses the synergies across these areas that can support the production of healthy and high-quality shrimp in super-intensive systems. Finally, we briefly discuss some key issues of social license pertinent to the super-intensive shrimp farming industry

    Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids n−3 (n−3 LC-PUFA) as Phospholipids or Triglycerides Influence on <i>Epinephelus marginatus</i> Juvenile Fatty Acid Profile and Liver Morphophysiology

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    Phospholipids (PL) are membrane components composed of fatty acids (FA), while triglycerides (TG) are a main source of energy and essential FA. Polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are essential for marine carnivorous fish; thus, an 8-week experiment was performed to evaluate the influence of DHA and EPA, provided as PL and TG, on the morphophysiology of Epinephelus marginatus juveniles. A basal diet was manufactured, and DHA and EPA in PL form (PL1—low amount PL2—high amount) and TG form (TG1—low amount; TG2—high amount) were added. Dusky grouper juveniles were equally distributed in 12 tanks of 20 animals each, and liver and muscle were sampled for metabolic analysis. The total hepatic lipids in PL1 and PL2 were higher when compared to the initial, TG1 and TG2 groups. Total lipids in muscle were higher in PL2 and TG1 than PL1 and TG2, respectively. Diets rich in DHA and EPA in PL and TG resulted in higher deposition of these FA in the muscle polar fraction. However, fish fed diets containing lower amounts of DHA and EPA in PL and TG stored those in the muscle neutral fraction and liver, centralizing the storage of DHA and EPA

    Different saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids levels in fish oil-free diets to cobia (Rachycentron canadum) juveniles: Effects in growth performance and lipid metabolism

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    This study aimed to investigate the influences of alternative lipid sources rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA and MUFA) supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) on production performance and lipid metabolism of Rachycentron canadum (cobia) juveniles. An 8-week feeding trial was carried out using four isoproteic and isolipidic diets as follows: FO-D (fish oil, as control diet), SFA-D (rich in SFA), MIX-D (same levels of SFA and MUFA), and MUFA-D (rich in MUFA). Experimental diets were supplemented with arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (3, 5, and 10 g kg(1), respectively). The growth performance, fatty acid (FA) profile of liver and muscle, hepatocyte morphology, and gene expression related to the FA synthesis and oxidation on the liver were examined. In general, production performance was not impaired in fish-fed FO-free diets, supporting the hypothesis that alternative lipid sources could be used in cobia's aquafeed formulations when the LC-PUFA are adequately supplemented. High dietary SFA levels were disproportionally deposited the liver and muscle. Contrariwise MUFA was mainly deposited in the liver and muscle, reflecting the dietary inclusion levels. The main FA influencing this pattern were 12:0 and 18:1n-9. The expression of fatty acid synthase (fas) was up-regulated in the FO-D group compared to SFA-D and MIX-D groups. There were no differences in the relative expressions of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt-1 alpha) and lipase lipoprotein (lpl). The liver morphology results indicated that fish-fed SFA-D presented a smaller lipid vacuoles area than those fed other experimental diets. This study shows that SFA with shorter carbon chains such as 12:0 can be administered in cobia aquafeeds to stimulate these molecules' catabolism, providing energy for growth, and retaining LC-PUFAs in tissues, especially in the muscle, exhibiting a healthier fillet for consumers.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Centro de Biologia Marinha da Universidade de Sao Paulo (CEBIMar)Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Fisiol, Inst Biociencias, Rua Matao,Trav 14,321, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo CEBIMar USP, Ctr Biol Marinha, Rodovia Manoel Hipolito Rego,Km 131,5, BR-11612109 Sao Sebastiao, SP, BrazilCSIRO Agr & Food, Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Bribie Isl Res Ctr, Woorim, Qld 4507, AustraliaUniv Autonoma Baja California UABC, Inst Invest Oceanol, Km 107 Carretera Tij Eda, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, MexicoUniv Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho CA, Ctr Aquicultura, Via Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castellane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, BrazilUABC, Inst Invest Oceanol, CONACYT, Ensenada, BC, MexicoUniv Mogi das Cruzes, Nucleo Integrado Biotecnol, Ave Dr Candido Xavier Almeida Souza 200, BR-08780911 Mogi Das Cruzes, SP, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho CA, Ctr Aquicultura, Via Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castellane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 2019/092469FAPESP: 2014/163207FAPESP: 2017/067650FAPESP: 2019/26018
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