Exposure–response curve for O and mortality using the spline approach: percentage increase in daily nonaccidental mortality at various O concentrations

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "The Exposure–Response Curve for Ozone and Risk of Mortality and the Adequacy of Current Ozone Regulations"</p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(4):532-536.</p><p>Published online 23 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1440776.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI.</p

Three-dimensional display of subject principal component scores with respect to clinician-determined exacerbation in adults, n = 120.

<p>Three-dimensional display of subject principal component scores with respect to clinician-determined exacerbation in adults, n = 120.</p

Salivary Inflammatory Mediator Profiling and Correlation to Clinical Disease Markers in Asthma

<div><p>Rationale</p><p>There is a need for a readily available, non-invasive source of biomarkers that predict poor asthma control.</p><p>Objectives</p><p>We sought to determine if there is an association between the salivary inflammatory profile and disease control in children and adults with asthma.</p><p>Methods</p><p>In this cross-sectional study, we collected demographic and clinical information from two independent populations at different sites, resulting in convenience samples of 58 pediatric and 122 adult urban asthmatics. Control was assessed by symptom questionnaire (children) and by Asthma Control Questionnaire and current exacerbation (adults). Saliva was collected in all subjects. We applied principal component analysis to a 10-plex panel of relevant inflammatory markers to characterize marker profiles and determined if profiles were associated with asthma control.</p><p>Results</p><p>There were similar, strong correlations amongst biologically related markers in both populations: eosinophil-related: eotaxin-1/CCL11, RANTES/CCL5, and IL-5 (p<.001); myeloid/innate: IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1/CCL2, and IL-8/CXCL8 (p<.001). The first three principal components captured ≥74% of variability across all ten analytes in both populations. In adults, the Principal Component 1 score, broadly reflective of all markers, but with greater weight given to myeloid/innate markers, was associated with Asthma Control Questionnaire score and exacerbation. The Principal Component 3 score, reflective of IP-10/CXCL10, was associated with current exacerbation. In children, the Principal Component 1, 2, and 3 scores were associated with recent asthma symptoms. The Principal Component 2 score, reflective of higher eosinophil markers, was inversely correlated with symptoms. The Principal Component 3 score was positively associated with all symptom outcomes.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The salivary inflammatory profile is associated with disease control in children and adults with asthma.</p></div

Asthma and Allergic Disease Characteristics, Adult Population.

<p>*n = 120.</p><p>ACQ: Asthma Control Questionnaire, ACT: Asthma Control Test.</p

Sociodemographic Characteristics.

<p>Sociodemographic Characteristics.</p

Asthma and Allergic Disease Characteristics, Pediatric Population.

<p>*n = 57,</p><p>n = 55,</p><p>n = 56.</p><p>F_ENO: Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide, SPT: Skin Prick Test, FEV1: Forced Expiratory Volume in the 1^st second, FVC: Forced Vital Capacity.</p

3-D plots of component loadings for the pediatric (A) and adult (B) populations.

<p>3-D plots of component loadings for the pediatric (A) and adult (B) populations.</p

Contribution of Salivary Markers to Each Principal Component Score.

<p>Principal Component 1 reflects relative similar representation of all markers with slightly greater weight to innate/myeloid markers.</p><p>Principal Component 2 reflects greater representation of eosinophil/lymphoid markers relative to innate markers.</p><p>Principal Component 3 predominantly reflects IP-10/CXCL10.</p><p>IL: Interleukin, RANTES: Regulated on Activation Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted,</p><p>MIP: Macrophage Inflammatory Protein, VEGF: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor,</p><p>MCP: Macrophage Chemoattractant Protein, IP-10: Interferon gamma inducible Protein 10 kd.</p

Relationships between salivary inflammatory marker principal components and measures of asthma control among adults with asthma^*.

<p>*regression models include all three PC scores; relationships were modeled using multiple linear or logistic regression; <b>bolded results</b> are statistically significant at p<0.05; PC = principal component.</p><p>adjusted for number of teeth, gingivitis, oral prednisone, inhaled corticosteroids.</p><p>Principal Component 1 reflects relative similar representation of all markers with slightly greater weight to innate/myeloid markers.</p><p>Principal Component 2 reflects greater representation of eosinophil/lymphoid markers relative to innate markers.</p><p>Principal Component 3 predominantly reflects IP-10/CXCL10.</p><p>ACQ: Asthma Control Questionnaire, ACT: Asthma Control Test.</p

Relationships between salivary inflammatory marker principal components and measures of asthma control among children with asthma^*.

<p>*regression models include all three PC scores; relationships were modeled using logistic regression;</p><p><b>Bolded results</b> are statistically significant at p<0.05; PC = principal component; crude models: n = 56.</p><p>adjusted for controller medication, frequency of dental checkups, and report of gums bleeding with tooth brushing, n = 49.</p><p>Principal Component 1 reflects relative similar representation of all markers with slightly greater weight to innate/myeloid markers.</p><p>Principal Component 2 reflects greater representation of eosinophil/lymphoid markers relative to innate markers.</p><p>Principal Component 3 predominantly reflects IP-10/CXCL10.</p