4,479 research outputs found
Dirac fermion time-Floquet crystal: manipulating Dirac points
We demonstrate how to control the spectra and current flow of Dirac electrons
in both a graphene sheet and a topological insulator by applying either two
linearly polarized laser fields with frequencies and or a
monochromatic (one-frequency) laser field together with a spatially periodic
static potential(graphene/TI superlattice). Using the Floquet theory and the
resonance approximation, we show that a Dirac point in the electron spectrum
can be split into several Dirac points whose relative location in momentum
space can be efficiently manipulated by changing the characteristics of the
laser fields. In addition, the laser-field controlled Dirac fermion band
structure -- Dirac fermion time-Floquet crystal -- allows the manipulation of
the electron currents in graphene and topological insulators. Furthermore, the
generation of dc currents of desirable intensity in a chosen direction occurs
when applying the bi-harmonic laser field which can provide a straightforward
experimental test of the predicted phenomena.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, version that will appear in Phys. Rev.
Evaluation of thermal control coatings for use on solar dynamic radiators in low Earth orbit
Thermal control coatings with high thermal emittance and low solar absorptance are needed for Space Station Freedom (SSF) solar dynamic power module radiator (SDR) surfaces for efficient heat rejection. Additionally, these coatings must be durable to low earth orbital (LEO) environmental effects of atomic oxygen, ultraviolet radiation and deep thermal cycles which occur as a result of start-up and shut-down of the solar dynamic power system. Eleven candidate coatings were characterized for their solar absorptance and emittance before and after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200 to 400 nm), vacuum UV (VUV) radiation (100 to 200 nm) and atomic oxygen. Results indicated that the most durable and best performing coatings were white paint thermal control coatings Z-93, zinc oxide pigment in potassium silicate binder, and YB-71, zinc orthotitanate pigment in potassium silicate binder. Optical micrographs of these materials exposed to the individual environmental effects of atomic oxygen and vacuum thermal cycling showed that no surface cracking occurred
Study of Scattered Light from Known Debris Disks
Using the Spitzer Space Telescope, a group of edge on debris disks, surrounding main-sequence shell stars have been discovered in the infrared. These disks are of high interest because they not only have dust, but an observed amount of circumstellar gas. HD158352 was an ideal target to try and image the disk because it was one of the closest stars in this group. Using the Hubble Space Telescope's Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), we attempted to take a direct image of the light scattered from the known disk in a broad optical bandpass. Studying these particular type of disks in high detail will allow us to learn more about gas-dust interactions. In particular, this will allow us to learn how the circumstellar gas evolves during the planet-forming phase. Even though it was predicted that the disk should have a magnitude of 20.5 at 3", no disk was seen in any of the optical images. This suggests that the parameters used to predict the brightness of the disk are not what we first anticipated and adjustments to the model must be performed. We also present the blue visible light spectrum of the scattered light from the debris disk surrounding Beta Pictoris. We are analyzing archival observations taken by Heap, using Hubble Space Telescope's STIS instrument. A long slit with a bar was used to occult Beta Pictoris as well as the PSF star. This was done because it is necessary to subtract a PSF observed the same way at the target to detect the disk. It appears that we have detected light from the disk but the work was in progress at the time of the abstract deadline
An Eccentric Massive Jupiter Orbiting a Subgiant on a 9.5-day Period Discovered in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Full Frame Images
We report the discovery of TOI-172 b from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission, a massive hot Jupiter transiting a slightly evolved G star with a 9.48-day orbital period. This is the first planet to be confirmed from analysis of only the TESS full frame images, because the host star was not chosen as a two-minute cadence target. From a global analysis of the TESS photometry and follow-up observations carried out by the TESS Follow-up Observing Program Working Group, TOI-172 (TIC 29857954) is a slightly evolved star with an effective temperature of T_(eff) = 5645 ± 50 K, a mass of M⋆ = 1.128^(+0.065)_(−0.061) M⊙, radius of R⋆ = 1.777^(+0.047)_(−0.044) R⊙, a surface gravity of log g⋆ = 3.993^(+0.027)_(−0.028), and an age of 7.4^(+1.6)_(−1.5) Gyr. Its planetary companion (TOI-172 b) has a radius of R_P = 0.965^(+0.032)_(−0.029) R_J, a mass of M_P = 5.42^(+0.22)_(−0.20) M_J, and is on an eccentric orbit (e=0.3806^(+0.0093)_(−0.009)). TOI-172 b is one of the few known massive giant planets on a highly eccentric short-period orbit. Future study of the atmosphere of this planet and its system architecture offer opportunities to understand the formation and evolution of similar systems
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CD32-RNA Co-localizes with HIV-RNA in CD3+ Cells Found within Gut Tissues from Viremic and ART-Suppressed Individuals.
BackgroundIdentifying biomarkers for cells harboring replication-competent HIV is a major research priority. Recently, there have been mixed reports addressing the possibility that CD32-expressing T cells are enriched for HIV. There is growing evidence that CD32 expression increases with cellular activation that may be related to, but not necessarily specific for, infection with HIV. However, the relationship of CD32 expression to HIV-infection in subtypes of tissue-resident leukocytes is unclear.MethodsFirst, we used duplex chromogenic in situ hybridization to identify cells actively transcribing RNA for both CD32 and HIV on human gut tissues. Then we performed multiplexed immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization (mIFISH) on sections from the same tissues to determine the phenotype of individual cells co-expressing HIV-RNA and CD32-RNA.ResultsHIV-RNA+ cells were more abundant in tissues from viremic individuals than in those receiving suppressive anti-retroviral therapy (ART). However, staining by both methods indicated that a higher proportion of HIV-RNA+ cells co-expressed CD32-RNA in ART-suppressed individuals than in those with viremia. The majority of HIV-RNA+ cells were CD3+.ConclusionsOur data suggest that the transcription of CD32-RNA is correlated with HIV transcriptional activity in CD3+ cells found within human gut tissue. Whether or not up-regulation of CD32-RNA is a direct result of HIV transcription or more global T-cell activation remains unclear
Computational methods reveal novel functionalities of PIWI-interacting RNAs in human papillomavirus-induced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the fastest growing cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) today, but its role in malignant transformation remains unclear. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) alterations and functionalities in HPV-induced HNSCC. Using 77 RNA-sequencing datasets from TCGA, we examined differential expression of piRNAs between HPV16(+) HNSCC and HPV(-) Normal samples, identifying a panel of 30 HPV-dysregulated piRNAs. We then computationally investigated the potential mechanistic significances of these transcripts in HPV-induced HNSCC, identifying our panel of piRNAs to associate with the protein PIWIL4 as well as the RTL family of retrotransposon-like genes, possibly through direct binding interactions. We also recognized several HPV-dysregulated transcripts for their correlations with well-documented mutations and copy number variations in HNSCC as well as HNSCC clinical variables, demonstrating the potential ability of our piRNAs to play important roles in large-scale modulation of HNSCC in addition to their direct, smaller-scale interactions in this malignancy. The differential expression of key piRNAs, including NONHSAT077364, NONHSAT102574, and NONHSAT128479, was verified in vitro by evaluating endogenous expression in HPV(+) cancer vs. HPV(-) normal cell lines. Overall, our novel study provides a rigorous investigation of piRNA dysregulation in HPV-related HNSCC, and lends critical insight into the idea that these small regulatory transcripts may play crucial and previously unidentified roles in tumor pathogenesis and progression
An Exploration of Systematic Errors in Transiting Planets and Their Host Stars
Transiting planet systems offer the best opportunity to measure the masses
and radii of a large sample of planets and their host stars. However, relative
photometry and radial velocity measurements alone only constrain the density of
the host star. Thus, there is a one-parameter degeneracy in the mass and radius
of the host star, and by extension the planet. Several theoretical,
semi-empirical, and nearly empirical methods have been used to break this
degeneracy and independently measure the mass and radius of the host star and
planets(s). As we approach an era of few percent precisions on some of these
properties, it is critical to assess whether these different methods are
providing accuracies that are of the same order, or better than, the stated
statistical precisions. We investigate the differences in the planet parameter
estimates inferred when using the Torres empirical relations, YY isochrones,
MIST isochrones, and a nearly-direct empirical measurement of the radius of the
host star using its spectral energy distribution, effective temperature, and
\textit{Gaia} parallax. We focus our analysis on modelling KELT-15b, a fairly
typical hot Jupiter, using each of these methods. We globally model TESS
photometry, optical-to-NIR flux densities of the host star, and \textit{Gaia}
parallaxes, in conjunction with extant KELT ground-based follow-up photometric
and radial velocity measurements. We find systematic differences in several of
the inferred parameters of the KELT-15 system when using different methods,
including a () difference in the inferred stellar and
planetary radii between the MIST isochrones and SED fitting.Comment: 12 Figures, 20 Tables, Submitted to Ap
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