Data for: Probabilistic Vehicle Routing Problem with Service Guarantees

This file includes the vehicle routing instances with uncertain demand information

Instruídas e trabalhadeiras trabalho feminino no final do século XX Educated and earnest workers: women's work at the end of the 20th century

Com base em informações oficiais do IBGE/Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, do MTE/Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego e do MEC/Ministério da Educação e Cultura, o texto mostra a consolidação do acesso das mulheres ao mercado de trabalho na década de noventa e sua manutenção no mercado informal e formal, apesar das crises econômicas da década. Com ênfase na escolaridade, o artigo revela que a escolaridade feminina supera a masculina a partir do 2º grau, as jovens concluem os cursos técnicos e profissionais, assim como o ensino médio, em maior número do que os rapazes e constituem cerca de 60% dos que cursam o superior. Contudo, as moças concentram-se em algumas áreas do conhecimento - artes, humanas, biológicas e saúde - que as qualificam para ocupar posteriormente, no mercado de trabalho, os chamados guetos profissionais femininos.<br>Based on official data provided by the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), by the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and by the Ministry of Education and Culture, this text shows the consolidation of women's access to the labor market during the 90's. It also shows that their presence remained unchanged, both in the formal and in the informal market in spite of the economic crisis of that decade. Emphasizing the schooling level, the article reveals that after elementary school, girls tend to conclude technical and professional courses, as well as achieve high school degrees, in a higher number than boys. Young women account for 60% of college students. However, young girls concentrate their preference in some areas of knowledge such as Humanities, Social Sciences, Arts, Biological Sciences and Health. Therefore, they end up as skilled professionals in the so-called ghettos of female laborforce

Evaluating the Effects of Aromatics Content in Gasoline on Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions from SI-PFI and SIDI Vehicles

We assessed the emissions response of a fleet of seven light-duty gasoline vehicles for gasoline fuel aromatic content while operating over the LA92 driving cycle. The test fleet consisted of model year 2012 vehicles equipped with spark-ignition (SI) and either port fuel injection (PFI) or direct injection (DI) technology. Three gasoline fuels were blended to meet a range of total aromatics targets (15%, 25%, and 35% by volume) while holding other fuel properties relatively constant within specified ranges, and a fourth fuel was formulated to meet a 35% by volume total aromatics target but with a higher octane number. Our results showed statistically significant increases in carbon monoxide, nonmethane hydrocarbon, particulate matter (PM) mass, particle number, and black carbon emissions with increasing aromatics content for all seven vehicles tested. Only one vehicle showed a statistically significant increase in total hydrocarbon emissions. The monoaromatic hydrocarbon species that were evaluated showed increases with increasing aromatic content in the fuel. Changes in fuel composition had no statistically significant effect on the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_<i>x</i>), formaldehyde, or acetaldehyde. A good correlation was also found between the PM index and PM mass and number emissions for all vehicle/fuel combinations with the total aromatics group being a significant contributor to the total PM index followed by naphthalenes and indenes

Aerosol Transmission from donors infected by aerosolized virus.

<p>Transmission of Cal/04 between donors infected by nebulized virus and recipients exposed continuously for 4 days. <b>A</b>. Serial viral RNA titers from throat swabs of donors and recipients, and samples of aerosols collected during continuous exposures, measured by single-target RT-qPCR. <b>B</b>. Viral RNA captured on PTFE filters during a 1 hour interval each day after donor ferret infection, and measured by T5000 assay.</p

Distribution of particle dimensions delivered to recipient chamber.

<p>Particle diameter measured by laser light scattering plotted as log₁₀ particles per liter of air divided into 24 diameter cohorts ranging from 0.25 microns to 12.5 microns. Particles sampled during 10 min. intervals with sampling airflow at 1.0 Lt/min and with one resting ferret infected with Cal/04 virus in donor chamber. Top graph: In side-by-side chamber sampling collected during the middle (green) and end (blue) of the same exposure period, and during an interval of no directed airflow when vacuum is off (control, red) particle numbers of all size cohorts decreased more than 100-fold. Bottom graph: In tunnel exposure chamber samples collected during first hour (blue), second hour (red) and third hour (green) of continuous 3 hour exposure.</p

Aerosol transmission is more efficient after 20 h- than 3 h- exposures.

<p>Viral RNA (log₁₀ genome equivalents (GEq) in total sample) in throat swabs from four donors (Do, red) infected intranasally 24 hours previously with Cal/04, and in four recipients (R, blue) each exposed to exhaled aerosols of one of the donors for either 3 hours (A and B) or 20 hours (C and D).</p

Particle Concentration variation during chamber exposure.

<p>Airborne particles were measured continuously by Grimm spectrometer and recorded as particles per liter of air in this typical exposure. Particle numbers per second vary over two orders of magnitude.</p

Exhaled viral RNA from donors infected with either NC/99 (A and B) or Cal/04 (C and D) virus.

<p>RNA was measured in each filter sample by two RT-qPCR-based assays, detecting a single genomic RNA segment (LRRI assay, solid bar) or six segments (Ibis T5000 assay, checkered bar), and expressed as genome equivalents/1-hour filter collection. Donors were infected intranasally with 10⁶ FFU of either virus 24 hours prior to recipient exposure at a time when all donor nasal washes contained 10⁴–10⁵ FFU/mL. Each donor exposed three recipient ferrets and each of their corresponding collections (F1, F2, and F3) were the mean RNA levels from three filters each collecting airborne particles for 1 hour during the 3-hour exposure period.</p

Efficiency of transmission success is inversely correlated with level of illness in the ferret aerosol-donor. A

<p>. Comparison of percent transmissions detected by positive culture or positive RT-qPCR of nasal washes or throat swabs of recipients tested 1−3 days post-exposure, for each strain of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus. Lack of transmission of NC/99 is shown as left-hand column for comparison. <b>B</b>. Group mean weight change in the donors following intranasal infection with the three pandemic H1N1 strains. <b>C</b>. Photographs of whole lung tissue at necropsy (day 5) of donor ferrets infected with Cal/04 (C2, middle photo) or Cal/07 (C1 and C3). Cal/07-infected lungs display multiple regions of firm, dusky tissue representing pneumonitis confirmed by histology, not seen in Cal/04-infected lungs.</p

Histologic grades of inflammation in respiratory tract tissues of ferrets infected with three pandemic H1N1 viruses.

<p>Histologic grades of inflammation in respiratory tract tissues of ferrets infected with three pandemic H1N1 viruses.</p