Additional file 1 of Multi-Omics integration can be used to rescue metabolic information for some of the dark region of the Pseudomonas putida proteome

Additional file 1

Development of an Electrochemical Oxidation Method for Probing Higher Order Protein Structure with Mass Spectrometry

We report here the novel use of electrochemistry to generate covalent oxidative labels on intact proteins in both non-native and physiologically relevant solutions as a surface mapping probe of higher order protein structure. Two different working electrode types were tested across a range of experimental parameters including voltage, flow rate, and solution electrolyte composition to affect the extent of oxidation on intact proteins, as measured both on-line and off-line with mass spectrometry. Oxidized proteins were collected off-line for proteolytic digestion followed by LC−MS/MS analysis. Peptide MS/MS data were searched with the InsPecT scoring algorithm for 46 oxidative mass shifts previously reported in the literature. Preliminary data showed reasonable agreement between amino acid solvent accessibility and the resulting oxidation status of these residues in aqueous buffer, while more buried residues were found to be oxidized in non-native solution. Our results indicate that electrochemical oxidation using a boron-doped diamond electrode has the potential to become a useful and easily accessible tool for conducting oxidative surface mapping experiments

Development of an Electrochemical Oxidation Method for Probing Higher Order Protein Structure with Mass Spectrometry

We report here the novel use of electrochemistry to generate covalent oxidative labels on intact proteins in both non-native and physiologically relevant solutions as a surface mapping probe of higher order protein structure. Two different working electrode types were tested across a range of experimental parameters including voltage, flow rate, and solution electrolyte composition to affect the extent of oxidation on intact proteins, as measured both on-line and off-line with mass spectrometry. Oxidized proteins were collected off-line for proteolytic digestion followed by LC−MS/MS analysis. Peptide MS/MS data were searched with the InsPecT scoring algorithm for 46 oxidative mass shifts previously reported in the literature. Preliminary data showed reasonable agreement between amino acid solvent accessibility and the resulting oxidation status of these residues in aqueous buffer, while more buried residues were found to be oxidized in non-native solution. Our results indicate that electrochemical oxidation using a boron-doped diamond electrode has the potential to become a useful and easily accessible tool for conducting oxidative surface mapping experiments

Development of an Electrochemical Oxidation Method for Probing Higher Order Protein Structure with Mass Spectrometry

We report here the novel use of electrochemistry to generate covalent oxidative labels on intact proteins in both non-native and physiologically relevant solutions as a surface mapping probe of higher order protein structure. Two different working electrode types were tested across a range of experimental parameters including voltage, flow rate, and solution electrolyte composition to affect the extent of oxidation on intact proteins, as measured both on-line and off-line with mass spectrometry. Oxidized proteins were collected off-line for proteolytic digestion followed by LC−MS/MS analysis. Peptide MS/MS data were searched with the InsPecT scoring algorithm for 46 oxidative mass shifts previously reported in the literature. Preliminary data showed reasonable agreement between amino acid solvent accessibility and the resulting oxidation status of these residues in aqueous buffer, while more buried residues were found to be oxidized in non-native solution. Our results indicate that electrochemical oxidation using a boron-doped diamond electrode has the potential to become a useful and easily accessible tool for conducting oxidative surface mapping experiments

Table_3_Antibiotic resistance and host immune system-induced metal bactericidal control are key factors for microbial persistence in the developing human preterm infant gut microbiome.XLSX

The human gut microbiome, which develops and stabilizes during the early stages of infant life, plays an essential role in host health through the production of metabolic resources and the stimulation and training of the immune system. To study colonization and community functional dynamics of the microbiota based on responses to host immune processes during the normal and dysbiotic establishment of the gut, metaproteomics was conducted on 91 fecal samples collected over the first 90 days of life from 17 hospitalized premature infants. Microbial responses to antibiotic administration and host-imposed metal bactericidal control correlated with community assembly and resiliency of microbes in the developing preterm gut. Specifically, proteins related to antibiotic resistance and metal homeostasis mechanisms were predominant in persisting members in the infant gut environment over the first several weeks of life. Overall, this metaproteomics study provides a unique approach to examine the temporal expansion and resilience of microbial colonization, as it allows simultaneous examination of both host and microbial metabolic activities. Understanding the interplay between host and microbes may elucidate the microbiome’s potential immunomodulatory roles relevant to necrotizing enterocolitis and other dysbiotic conditions in preterm infants.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Antibiotic resistance and host immune system-induced metal bactericidal control are key factors for microbial persistence in the developing human preterm infant gut microbiome.PDF

The human gut microbiome, which develops and stabilizes during the early stages of infant life, plays an essential role in host health through the production of metabolic resources and the stimulation and training of the immune system. To study colonization and community functional dynamics of the microbiota based on responses to host immune processes during the normal and dysbiotic establishment of the gut, metaproteomics was conducted on 91 fecal samples collected over the first 90 days of life from 17 hospitalized premature infants. Microbial responses to antibiotic administration and host-imposed metal bactericidal control correlated with community assembly and resiliency of microbes in the developing preterm gut. Specifically, proteins related to antibiotic resistance and metal homeostasis mechanisms were predominant in persisting members in the infant gut environment over the first several weeks of life. Overall, this metaproteomics study provides a unique approach to examine the temporal expansion and resilience of microbial colonization, as it allows simultaneous examination of both host and microbial metabolic activities. Understanding the interplay between host and microbes may elucidate the microbiome’s potential immunomodulatory roles relevant to necrotizing enterocolitis and other dysbiotic conditions in preterm infants.</p

Table_1_Antibiotic resistance and host immune system-induced metal bactericidal control are key factors for microbial persistence in the developing human preterm infant gut microbiome.XLSX

The human gut microbiome, which develops and stabilizes during the early stages of infant life, plays an essential role in host health through the production of metabolic resources and the stimulation and training of the immune system. To study colonization and community functional dynamics of the microbiota based on responses to host immune processes during the normal and dysbiotic establishment of the gut, metaproteomics was conducted on 91 fecal samples collected over the first 90 days of life from 17 hospitalized premature infants. Microbial responses to antibiotic administration and host-imposed metal bactericidal control correlated with community assembly and resiliency of microbes in the developing preterm gut. Specifically, proteins related to antibiotic resistance and metal homeostasis mechanisms were predominant in persisting members in the infant gut environment over the first several weeks of life. Overall, this metaproteomics study provides a unique approach to examine the temporal expansion and resilience of microbial colonization, as it allows simultaneous examination of both host and microbial metabolic activities. Understanding the interplay between host and microbes may elucidate the microbiome’s potential immunomodulatory roles relevant to necrotizing enterocolitis and other dysbiotic conditions in preterm infants.</p

Table_2_Antibiotic resistance and host immune system-induced metal bactericidal control are key factors for microbial persistence in the developing human preterm infant gut microbiome.XLSX

The human gut microbiome, which develops and stabilizes during the early stages of infant life, plays an essential role in host health through the production of metabolic resources and the stimulation and training of the immune system. To study colonization and community functional dynamics of the microbiota based on responses to host immune processes during the normal and dysbiotic establishment of the gut, metaproteomics was conducted on 91 fecal samples collected over the first 90 days of life from 17 hospitalized premature infants. Microbial responses to antibiotic administration and host-imposed metal bactericidal control correlated with community assembly and resiliency of microbes in the developing preterm gut. Specifically, proteins related to antibiotic resistance and metal homeostasis mechanisms were predominant in persisting members in the infant gut environment over the first several weeks of life. Overall, this metaproteomics study provides a unique approach to examine the temporal expansion and resilience of microbial colonization, as it allows simultaneous examination of both host and microbial metabolic activities. Understanding the interplay between host and microbes may elucidate the microbiome’s potential immunomodulatory roles relevant to necrotizing enterocolitis and other dysbiotic conditions in preterm infants.</p

Systematic Assessment of the Benefits and Caveats in Mining Microbial Post-Translational Modifications from Shotgun Proteomic Data: The Response of <i>Shewanella oneidensis</i> to Chromate Exposure

Microbes are known to regulate both gene expression and protein activity through the use of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Common PTMs involved in cellular signaling and gene control include methylations, acetylations, and phosphorylations, whereas oxidations have been implicated as an indicator of stress. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a Gram-negative bacterium that demonstrates both respiratory versatility and the ability to sense and adapt to diverse environmental conditions. The data set used in this study consisted of tandem mass spectra derived from midlog phase aerobic cultures of S. oneidensis either native or shocked with 1 mM chromate [Cr(VI)]. In this study, three algorithms (DBDigger, Sequest, and InsPecT) were evaluated for their ability to scrutinize shotgun proteomic data for evidence of PTMs. The use of conservative scoring filters for peptides or proteins versus creating a subdatabase first from a nonmodification search was evaluated with DBDigger. The use of higher-scoring filters for peptide identifications was found to result in optimal identifications of PTM peptides with a 2% false discovery rate (FDR) for the total data set using the DBDigger algorithm. However, the FDR climbs to unacceptably high levels when only PTM peptides are considered. Sequest was evaluated as a method for confirming PTM peptides putatively identified using DBDigger; however, there was a low identification rate (∼25%) for the searched spectra. InsPecT was found to have a much lower, and thus more acceptable, FDR than DBDigger for PTM peptides. Comparisons between InsPecT and DBDigger were made with respect to both the FDR and PTM peptide identifications. As a demonstration of this approach, a number of S. oneidensis chemotaxis proteins as well as low-abundance signal transduction proteins were identified as being post-translationally modified in response to chromate challenge

Systematic Assessment of the Benefits and Caveats in Mining Microbial Post-Translational Modifications from Shotgun Proteomic Data: The Response of <i>Shewanella oneidensis</i> to Chromate Exposure

Microbes are known to regulate both gene expression and protein activity through the use of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Common PTMs involved in cellular signaling and gene control include methylations, acetylations, and phosphorylations, whereas oxidations have been implicated as an indicator of stress. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a Gram-negative bacterium that demonstrates both respiratory versatility and the ability to sense and adapt to diverse environmental conditions. The data set used in this study consisted of tandem mass spectra derived from midlog phase aerobic cultures of S. oneidensis either native or shocked with 1 mM chromate [Cr(VI)]. In this study, three algorithms (DBDigger, Sequest, and InsPecT) were evaluated for their ability to scrutinize shotgun proteomic data for evidence of PTMs. The use of conservative scoring filters for peptides or proteins versus creating a subdatabase first from a nonmodification search was evaluated with DBDigger. The use of higher-scoring filters for peptide identifications was found to result in optimal identifications of PTM peptides with a 2% false discovery rate (FDR) for the total data set using the DBDigger algorithm. However, the FDR climbs to unacceptably high levels when only PTM peptides are considered. Sequest was evaluated as a method for confirming PTM peptides putatively identified using DBDigger; however, there was a low identification rate (∼25%) for the searched spectra. InsPecT was found to have a much lower, and thus more acceptable, FDR than DBDigger for PTM peptides. Comparisons between InsPecT and DBDigger were made with respect to both the FDR and PTM peptide identifications. As a demonstration of this approach, a number of S. oneidensis chemotaxis proteins as well as low-abundance signal transduction proteins were identified as being post-translationally modified in response to chromate challenge