Supplementary Material

Table S1-S3; Figure S1-S

Online Appendix 1

Online Appendix 1: List of Noctilio samples, museum numbers and localities used in the study. Superscript numbers 1 – 4 following N. albiventris and 1 – 2 following N. leporinus refers to the mitochondrial clade identified in the study, Albiventris 1 – 4 and Leporinus 1 – 2, respectively. Abbreviations of each museum code are described in the materials and method section

Further Evidence on the Importance of Fluorous–Fluorous Interactions in Supramolecular Chemistry: A Combined Structural and Computational Study

The solid-state structures of CF₃(CF₂)₅CH₂CO₂H and a fluorous triazole are reported, both of which display a wide variety and large number of noncovalent interactions in their packing. The solid-state structure of CF₃(CF₂)₅CH₂CO₂H is stabilized by multiple F···F contacts but only one C–H···F–C interaction, as well as O–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonds. In contrast to other reported structures, the torsion angles in the fluorous chain are close to 180°, which means that the fluorine atoms are eclipsed. A DFT study of the interactions in both compounds show that F···F interactions, along with stacking and C–H···F and C–H···O contacts, are individually weakly energetically stabilizing, but collectively, they can give rise to interaction energies of up to 13 kcal mol^–1. A topological approach to the interactions using atoms-in-molecules (AIM) theory reveals that there are bond critical points between the C–F···F–C interactions as well as C–F···H–C interactions that are not recognized when using only the van der Waals distances

New Mechanism for the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones? Uranyl Aryloxide-Induced Intermolecular Catalysis

The uranyl aryloxide [UO₂(OAr)₂(THF)₂] (Ar = 2,6-^<i>t</i>Bu₂-C₆H₂) is an active catalyst for the ring-opening <i>cyclo</i>-oligomerization of ε-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone but not for β-butyrolactone, γ-butyrolactone, and <i>rac</i>-lactide. ¹H EXSY measurements give the thermodynamic parameters for exchange of monomer and coordinated THF, and rates of polymerization have been determined. A comprehensive theoretical examination of the mechanism is discussed. From both experiment and theory, the initiation step is intramolecular and in keeping with the accepted mechanism, while computational studies indicate that propagation can go via an intermolecular pathway, which is the first time this has been observed. The lack of polymerization for the inactive monomers has been investigated theoretically and C–H···π interactions stabilize the coordination of the less rigid monomers

Further Evidence on the Importance of Fluorous–Fluorous Interactions in Supramolecular Chemistry: A Combined Structural and Computational Study

The solid-state structures of CF₃(CF₂)₅CH₂CO₂H and a fluorous triazole are reported, both of which display a wide variety and large number of noncovalent interactions in their packing. The solid-state structure of CF₃(CF₂)₅CH₂CO₂H is stabilized by multiple F···F contacts but only one C–H···F–C interaction, as well as O–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonds. In contrast to other reported structures, the torsion angles in the fluorous chain are close to 180°, which means that the fluorine atoms are eclipsed. A DFT study of the interactions in both compounds show that F···F interactions, along with stacking and C–H···F and C–H···O contacts, are individually weakly energetically stabilizing, but collectively, they can give rise to interaction energies of up to 13 kcal mol^–1. A topological approach to the interactions using atoms-in-molecules (AIM) theory reveals that there are bond critical points between the C–F···F–C interactions as well as C–F···H–C interactions that are not recognized when using only the van der Waals distances

Mauldin et al Microsatellite Data Dryad

This file contains all microsatellite data examined in the study. The first row contains column headers. The first column contains museum ID numbers. All following columns indicate allele sizes for the animal indicated at the beginning of the row. Missing data value is coded as "0

Cladogram reconstructed from [22], [28]–[29] for phyllostomid bats included in this study.

<p>Node values are estimated divergence times taken from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057649#pone.0057649-Baker1" target="_blank">[22]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057649#pone.0057649-Datzmann1" target="_blank">[28]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057649#pone.0057649-Rojas1" target="_blank">[29]</a>. Each leaf of the cladogram includes genus, lateral image of skulls, and symbols of insect, blood, flower, or fruit to indicate dietary strategy of that genus.</p

Diagram of reporter construct design.

<p>SV 40 = Simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal, AcGFP1 = green fluorescent protein, Bi-Cis = bicistronic promoter, mOrange = orange fluorescent protein, Pax9 3′ UTR = 3′ sequences of PAX9 from bat species described in the text. Experimental constructs differed only in the species from which PAX9 sequence was amplified. The control construct did not include a PAX9 3′ sequence.</p

Major analyses implemented in this study with short descriptions for the information obtained from each analysis.

<p>Analyses are grouped into open-reading frame or regulatory subheadings, indicating to which major hypothesis each analysis was relevant.</p

Patterns of PAX9 open-reading frame evolution.

<p>Although under tight purifying selection, PAX9 exhibits patterns of saturation and recurrent substitution contingent on the level of comparison (amino acid versus nucleotide) as well as the amount of evolutionary time considered in the data. A) and B) display the pairwise nucleotide and predicted amino acid differences among orders regressed against <i>t_mrca</i>, respectively. C) and D) show similar plots, but among species from the families Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae and Miniopteridae, and the order Primates. E) Confidence in PSIPRED secondary structure prediction (greater confidence represented by larger bars) for each of the 341 residues of Pax9, and shading demarks exons. Directly below this histogram is the structural prediction in which white bars represent coiled structures and black represent helical regions. The solid grey bar at the bottom defines the limits of the paired-binding domain described by <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057649#pone.0057649-Wang2" target="_blank">[7]</a>. Vertical lines pointing to each codon position in the histogram indicate positions that vary across the mammalian taxa examined, and taller lines demark sights inferred to have accumulated recurrent substitutions. The number of inferred substitutions at these sights from left to right are as follows: 3, 2, 3, 2, 7, 4, 3, 4, 8, 6, 3, 2, 4, 4, 2, 3, 2, and 5. F) Reticulation network based on predicted amino acid translations. Closed loops in the network indicate homoplasies, and edge thickness is in proportion to bootstrap support.</p