Dense Rib Lateral Reinforcement for Confining Concrete

AbstractThis study introduces a new reinforcing method laterally to confine concrete with dense reinforcement. The dense reinforcing technique can provide more confinement for concrete and increase the performance of concrete such as ductility and peak strength. However, the application of the dense reinforcement is not practical with conventional reinforcing method since the movement of gravels would be interrupted. Thus, this study places the lateral reinforcement just underneath of concrete not to prevent the gravel flowing. In the case, the reinforcement would be exposed to the problem of corrosion. To solve the problem, this study adapts stainless steel and FRP(Fiber Reinforced Polymer) that are not corrodible. Two types of concrete cylinders (300mm×150mm; L×D) reinforced laterally by stainless steel and FRP rings are prepared with two different volumetric ratios, and axial compressive tests are conducted to assess their performance. The dense reinforcing method with rings is successful to increase the peak strength of concrete. The effectiveness to increase peak strength is assessed according to materials and volumetric ratios. The failure mode of the dense reinforced concrete by rings laterally is different from that jacketed by steel or FRP sheet wholly. The failure is gradually processed with the fracture of each ring

Additional file 3: Figure S3. of Genome and transcriptome sequencing characterises the gene space of Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae)

RNA-seq read mapping to candidate genes for cyanogenesis in macadamia, including those encoding the cytochrome P450s CYP79 and CYP71, glycosyltransferase UGT85 and β-glucosidase. (PDF 535 kb

Sunda_Sahul list

List of Australian rainforest species allocated with biogeographic origin

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Genome and transcriptome sequencing characterises the gene space of Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae)

Kmer coverage plot for optimized kmer of 26 used to estimate haploid genome size of 652 Mb (600–700 Mb). Coloured curves correspond to the complete statistical model including erroneous and genomic kmers (red), using a diploid model, heterozygous kmers with major peak at 14 (green) and homozygous kmers with subpeak at 7 (blue). (PDF 5 kb

Lasten fyysinen aktiivisuus : Lapin ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaan 3.- ja 5.-luokkalaiset

Opinnäytetyömme tavoitteena oli saada tietoa Lapin ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaan 3.- ja 5.-luokkalaisten fyysisestä aktiivisuudesta. Työmme tarkoituksena oli selvittää, liikkuvatko lapset liikuntasuositusten mukaisesti ja näin ollen terveytensä kannalta riittävästi. Lisäksi selvitimme, kuinka paljon ja millä intensiteetillä lapset liikkuivat, sekä kuinka paljon he viettivät aikaa istuen ja makuulla valveillaoloajastaan. Työmme tulokset antavat aluekohtaista tietoa, jota voidaan hyödyntää tutkimusalueiden lasten liikkumisen kehittämisessä. Työmme oli määrällinen tutkimus, jossa tutkimustietoa kerättiin objektiivisesti liikemittareiden avulla. Liikemittarilla kerättiin tietoa lasten päivittäisestä liikkumisesta vähintään neljän päivän ajalta. Työmme aineisto pohjautuu LIITU 2016 - tutkimuksen aineistoon. Tutkimus toteutettiin keväällä 2016, ja tutkimuksemme otos koostui 394 alakouluikäisestä lapsesta. Teimme tutkimuksen yhteistyössä UKK-instituutin kanssa, ja saimme liikemittareista saadut datatiedot heiltä. Analysoimme liikemittareiden datatiedot keskimääräisten osuuksien perusteella. Tutkimustuloksemme osoittivat, että lasten liikkuminen ja paikallaanolo muuttuivat iän myötä. Sukupuolten välillä havaittiin myös eroja. Lapset viettivät noin puolet valveillaoloajastaan istuen ja makuuasennossa. Nuoremman ikäluokan lapset olivat aktiivisempia päivän aikana kuin vanhemman ikäluokan lapset. Paikallaan oloa kertyi 3.-luokkaisille vähemmän kuin 5.-luokkalaisille. Pojat viettivät enemmän aikaa paikallaan kuin tytöt, mutta myös liikkuivat reippaasti ja rasittavasti heitä enemmän. Noin puolet lapsista liikkui terveytensä kannalta riittävästi. Liikuntasuositusten toteutumisessa oli suuria eroja ikäryhmien ja sukupuolten välillä. Lasten tulisi liikkua reippaasti ja rasittavasti läpi elämän, ja heidän tulisi täyttää liikuntasuositukset. Tämä pohjautuu reippaan ja rasittavan liikkumisen terveyshyötyihin. Lasten terveydelle on parasta liikkua reippaasti päivittäin ja välttää paikallaanoloa. Passiivisuudella on todettu olevan terveydelle haitallisia tekijöitä.The aim of our thesis was to gather information about 3rd and 5th graders’ physical activity in Lapland and North Ostrobothnia. Our purpose was to study whether children exercise conforming to the physical activity guidelines as to maintain good health. In addition, we researched on how much and with what level of intensity these children moved and how much time they spent sitting and laying down while being awake. The results of our thesis provide information about regional activity habits that can be used in development of children's’ physical activity in those regions. Our thesis was a quantitative study in which the objective research data was collected by using accelerometers. The statistics of children’s daily activities were gathered with the accelerometers during four days. Our study is based on the LIITU 2016 -study. The study was conducted in collaboration with UKK institute in the spring of 2016 and 394 primary schoolers took part in it. After they gave us the data of accelerometers, we analysed results using the mediocre method. Our results indicated that the amount of activity and sedentary behaviour in children changes with age. There were also noticeable differences between genders. Children spent approximately half of their time awake in a sitting position or laying down. The children in the younger age group were less sedentary and they did more physical activities during the day than the children in the older age group. Boys spent more time being sedentary compared to girls but they also did more moderate- and vigorous-intensity activities than girls. About half of the children fulfilled the recommendations of the physical activity guidelines. There were multiple differences in the fulfilment of the physical activity guidelines between ages and genders. The children should fulfil the recommendations of physical activity. The recommendations are based on the positive health effects of moderate- and vigorous-intensity moving. Sedentary behaviour has many negative effects to health and children should reduce being sedentary

MOESM1 of Design and rationale of the ODYSSEY DM-DYSLIPIDEMIA trial: lipid-lowering efficacy and safety of alirocumab in individuals with type 2 diabetes and mixed dyslipidaemia at high cardiovascular risk

Additional file 1:  Appendices

Biochemical composition of extracted biomass samples of heartwood (HW) and sapwood (SW) as determined by two stage acid hydrolysis.

<p>Values are presented as a percentage weight of the starting extracted biomass. Mass closure is the percentage mass total of total carbohydrates and total lignin.</p

Detailed carbohydrate biochemical composition of extracted biomass samples of heartwood (HW) and sapwood (SW) as determined by HPAEC and Updegraff.

<p>Values are presented as a percentage weight of the AIR mass.</p

X-ray diffractograms of heartwood and sapwood samples.

<p>(A) Example of eucalyptus species (<i>E. globulus</i>) and reference (lignin) x-ray diffractogram to determine amorphous and crystalline phase. X-ray diffractograms of heartwoods (B) and sapwoods (C) of all hardwood species.</p

2D-NMR HSQC spectra of nonderivatized <i>E. globulus</i> cell wall separated into aliphatic, anomeric and aromatic regions.

<p>Color-coding in HSQC spectrum corresponding to known lignin substructures and polysaccharide units commonly found in plant cell walls. The main structures observed in the aliphatic region are: β-aryl ether units (A), phenylcoumaran units (B), resinol units (C), xylan (Xyl), acetylated xylosyl residues (2-O-Ac-β-D-Xylp and 3-O-Ac-β-D-Xylp), 2-acetylated mannosyl residues (2-O-Ac-β-D-Manp), and glucan (Glc6). The main structures observed in the anomeric region are: cellulose (β-D-Glcp), xylan (β-D-Xylp), acetylated xylosyl residues(2-O-Ac-β-D-Xylp and 3-O-Ac-β-D-Xylp), mannan (β-D-Manp), acetylated mannosyl residues (2-O-Ac-β-D-Manp), arabinan (β-D-Araf) and 4-O-methyl-α-D-glucuronic acid (4-O-MeGlcA). The main structures observed in the aromatic regions are: syringyl (S), oxidized syringyl (Ś) and guaiacyl (G) units.</p