Central Kalimantan's Fast Growing Species: Suitability for Pulp and Paper

Recent studies of fast growing species grown in PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma, Central Kalimantan, show that based on their fiber dimensions there are five species, namely Endospermum diadenum, Dillenia spp., Adinandra dumosa, Adiandra sp., and Nauclea junghuhnii with good potential for pulp and paper production. The fiber length of those five wood species are was more than 2,200 µm on average. This paper studies the physical properties, fiber dimensions and their chemical contents to predict the paper and pulp quality. The result shows that all of the species were classified in the medium to high density category. All species were classified into the first class quality for pulp and paper. Based on chemical contents, Dillenia sp. is the most suitable species due to its high value of holocellulose and a-cellulose, low lignin content, and its fiber length is about 3,119 µm on average. A. dumosa also has good opportunities because it had the longest fiber lengths (3,137 µm on average) and high value of holocellulose, even though it has the highest lignin content. While Nuclea junghuhnii is less suitable due to low values of holocellulose and a-cellulose

Biological Pretreatment of Oil Palm Frond Fiber Using White-Rot Fungi for Enzymatic Saccharification

Oil palm frond is one type of lignocellulosic biomass abundantly and daily available in Indonesia. It contains cellulose which can be converted to glucose, and further processed to produce different kinds of value –added products. The aim of this research is to study the effects of biological pretreatment of oil palm frond (OPF) fiber using Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor on the enzymatic saccharification of the biomass. The OPF fiber (40-60 mesh sizes) was inoculated with cultures of the two fungi and incubated at 27 °C for 4 weeks. The samples were taken after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of incubation. Chemical components of the biomass after pretreatment were analyzed. The saccharification of the pretreated samples using cellulase and β-glucosidase was performed in a water bath shaker at 50 °C for 48 hours. The concentration of reducing sugar increased with increasing of incubation time, either in those pretreated with culture of P. chrysosporium or with T. versicolor. Pretreatment of OPF fiber using single culture of T. versicolor for 4 weeks gave the highest reducing sugar yield (12.61% of dry biomass)

Fiber and Chemical Characteristics of Branchwoods of Three Meranti Species

The fiber and chemical characteristics of branchwoods of three meranti species namely meranti sangkan, meranti bakau, and meranti bunga kulit hitam from Bukit Batu Peat Swamp Forest, Riau were observed. The aim of this research was to discover the potential utilization of these three meranti species based on their characteristic. The result showed that holocellulose contents of meranti sangkan, meranti bakau, and meranti bunga kulit hitam were 72.97%, 75.28%, and 69.88%, whereas the α-cellulose contents were 43.55%, 51.14%, and 43.25%, respectively. meranti sangkan had the highest lignin content (35.99%) followed by meranti bakau (34.21%) and meranti bunga kulit hitam (32.18%). meranti Bunga kulit Hitam had the highest extractive content (2.24%) followed by meranti sangkan (1.66%) and meranti bakau (1.08). Furthermore, the fiber length of meranti bunga kulit hitam, meranti sangkan, and meranti and meranti Hitam were 1475.45 μm, 1475.45 μm, 1442.62 μm, and 1205.23 μm, respectively. The values of fiber derivative of the three meranti species were slightly differ from class I, except for felting power that was classified in class III. The result also showed that the branchwoods of the three meranti species are suitable for pulp and paper raw material

The Effect Of Adsorbent Agents: Silica, Andisol, Leca, Anthracite, And Activated Carbon On Pollutant Uptake In The Citarum River (Pengaruh Agen Penjerap Silika, Andisol, Leca, Antrasit, dan Karbon Aktif terhadap Penjerapan Polutan di Sungai Citarum)

Sungai Citarum merupakan sungai terpanjang dan terbesar di Jawa Barat, Indonesia yang mempunyai fungsi vital sebagai sumber air. Pengolahan air sungai Citarum sebelum disalurkan ke masyarakat diperlukan untuk menghilangkan pengotor karena kandunganpengotor pada air sungai Citarum melebihi batas ambang yang dipersyaratkan untuk air konsumsi. Saat ini proses penjerapan atau adsorpsi merupakan proses yang umum digunakan pada Perusahaan pegolahan air karena efektifitasnya. Pada penelitian ini, efektifitas lima agen penjerap yaitu silika, andisol, hidroton, antrasit, karbon aktif teladievaluasi dengan perbedaan rasio padatan dan larutan, dan waktu kontak. Setelapengolahan, kekeruhan dan logam berat dalam air dianalisa. Karakteristik permukaan, gugus fungsi, dan luas permukaan dari kelima agen penjerap dianalisa masing-masing menggunakan FE-SEM (Field Emission - Scanning Electron Microscopes), FTIR (FourieTransform Infrared Spectroscopy), dan analisa luas permukaan BET (Brunauer-EmmettTeller). Hasil analisa menunjukan bahwa masing-masing andisol dan LECA menurunkankekeruhan dari air Citarum dari 21.30 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) menjadi 1.23 da2.52 NTU setelah waktu kontak 10 menit. Karbon aktif membutuhkan waktu 10 menit lebih lama untuk menurunkan kekeruhan menjadi 2.26 NTU akan tetapi karbon aktif memiliki luas permukaan yang paling tinggi yaitu 548.31 (m2/g). Luas permukaan berkaitan dengan hasil FE-SEM dimana karbon aktif memiliki pori yang teratur dan berukuran besar. Padaumumnya, andisol, LECA, dan karbon aktif telah berhasil menurunkan kekeruhan air Sungai Citarum yang berkaitan dengan luas permukaan partikelnya