The total biomass phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), percentages of fungal and bacterial PLFAs to the total biomass PLFAs, and the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs as influenced by carbon addition (+60%) and water addition (+30%) in temperate steppe of northeastern China.

<p>Values show the monthly means from June to September in the growing season. Vertical bars indicate standard errors of means (n = 6). Difference lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05). A = ambient condition (control), C = carbon addition, W = water addition, CW = combined carbon and water additions.</p

Two new glycosides from the root bark of <i>Paeonia ostii</i>

Two new glycosides, ethyl-O-β-D-furanosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and (5-′′)-galloyl-ethyl-O-β-D-furanosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), together with eight known compounds (3–10) were obtained from the n-BuOH extraction of Paeonia ostii. Their structures were identified via the extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1, 3–10 exhibited the anti-inflammation activities, which inhibited the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 6.00 to 86.78 µΜ.</p

Figure 1

<p>Daily precipitation (bars) and daily mean air temperature (line) in 2010 and 2011 (A). Data are from the eddy tower adjacent (approximately 100 m) to the experimental site. Seasonal variations of soil temperature (B) and water content (C) at topsoil layer (0–10 cm) in response to carbon addition (+60%) and water addition (+30%) in the temperate steppe of northeastern China. Insets represent the two seasonal mean values of soil temperature (ST) and water content (SWC). Vertical bars indicate standard errors of means (n = 6). Difference lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05). A = ambient condition (control), C = carbon addition, W = water addition, CW = combined carbon and water additions.</p

Responses of aboveground biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), root biomass C and N, peak aboveground biomass of grass and forb and the grass: forb ratio to carbon addition (+60%) and water addition (+30%) in 2010 and 2011 in temperate steppe of northeastern China.

<p>Vertical bars indicate standard errors of means (n = 6). Difference lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05). A = ambient condition (control), C = carbon addition, W = water addition, CW = combined carbon and water additions.</p

Results (<i>F</i>-values) of Four-way ANOVAs on the effects of carbon addition (C), water addition (W), sampling date (D), year (Y), and their interactions on soil temperature (ST), soil water content (SWC), microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN), microbial activity (SMA), metabolic quotient (<i>q</i>CO₂), soil inorganic N (IN), soil total PLFAs (TP), contribution of soil fungal PLFAs (F) and bacterial PLFAs (B), and the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs (F: B).

*<p>, **, <i>and</i> ***<i>represent significant at P<0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively.</i></p

Proline, soluble sugar, [K⁺], [Na⁺] and K⁺/ Na⁺in <i>Leymus chinensis</i> at large scale longitudinal gradient in northeast China.

<p>Values are means (± SE) of 30–35 replications. Values with the same letters indicate no significant difference between sites (site/site) within each physiological property (P>0.05).</p

Variations of leaf thickness (a) and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) (b) in <i>Leymus chinensis</i> along large-scale longitudinal gradient and their correlations with annual precipitation (c, d) and elevation (e, f) at the gradient in northeast China.

<p>Bars are means (± SE) of 25–30 replications. Bars with the same lowercase letters indicate no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05).</p

Correlations between anatomical and physiological traits (trait/trait) in <i>Leymus chinensis</i> at large scale gradient in northeast China (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01).

<p>Correlations between anatomical and physiological traits (trait/trait) in <i>Leymus chinensis</i> at large scale gradient in northeast China (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01).</p

Correlations of proline content and K⁺/Na⁺ in <i>Leymus chinensis</i> with annual precipitation (a, b) and elevation (c, d) along large-scale longitudinal gradient in northeast China.

<p>Bars are means (± SE) of 30–35 replications.</p

Anatomical variations in <i>Leymus chinensis</i> at large scale longitudinal gradient in northeast China.

<p>Values are means (± SE) of 25–30 replications. Values with the same letters indicate no significant difference between sites (site/site) within each anatomical property (P > 0.05).</p