Wright-Fisher diffusion bridges

The trajectory of the frequency of an allele which begins at $x$ at time $0$ and is known to have frequency $z$ at time $T$ can be modelled by the bridge process of the Wright-Fisher diffusion. Bridges when $x=z=0$ are particularly interesting because they model the trajectory of the frequency of an allele which appears at a time, then is lost by random drift or mutation after a time $T$. The coalescent genealogy back in time of a population in a neutral Wright-Fisher diffusion process is well understood. In this paper we obtain a new interpretation of the coalescent genealogy of the population in a bridge from a time $t\in (0,T)$. In a bridge with allele frequencies of 0 at times 0 and $T$ the coalescence structure is that the population coalesces in two directions from $t$ to $0$ and $t$ to $T$ such that there is just one lineage of the allele under consideration at times $0$ and $T$. The genealogy in Wright-Fisher diffusion bridges with selection is more complex than in the neutral model, but still with the property of the population branching and coalescing in two directions from time $t\in (0,T)$. The density of the frequency of an allele at time $t$ is expressed in a way that shows coalescence in the two directions. A new algorithm for exact simulation of a neutral Wright-Fisher bridge is derived. This follows from knowing the density of the frequency in a bridge and exact simulation from the Wright-Fisher diffusion. The genealogy of the neutral Wright-Fisher bridge is also modelled by branching P\'olya urns, extending a representation in a Wright-Fisher diffusion. This is a new very interesting representation that relates Wright-Fisher bridges to classical urn models in a Bayesian setting. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Paul Joyce

Space Time Nonseparable Electromagnetic Vortices

In structured light with controllable degrees of freedom (DoFs), the vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) give access to provide additional degrees of freedom for information transfer, and in classic field, the propagation invariant space time electromagnetic pulses are the possible approach to high dimensional states. This paper arose an idea that coupling the space polarization nonseparable states of vortex beams and space time nonseparable states of spatiotemporal pulse can generate numerous unique and beneficial effects. Here, we introduce an family of space time nonseparable electromagnetic vortices (STNEV). The pulses exhibit complex and robust spatiotemporal topological structure of the electromagnetic fields, multiple singularities in the Poynting vector maps and distributions of energy backflow. We apply a quantum-mechanics methodology for quantitatively characterizing space time nonseparability of the pulse. Our findings facilitate their applications in fields of information transfer, toroidal electrodynamics and inducing transient excitations in matter

Base-Promoted (3 + 2) Cycloaddition of Trifluoroacetohydrazonoyl Chlorides with Imidates En Route to Trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-Triazoles

A base-mediated (3 + 2) cycloaddition of trifluoroacetohydrazonoyl chlorides with imidates for the construction of 3-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazoles has been described. This reaction is characterized by readily starting materials, simple reaction conditions, good yields, a broad substrate scope, and excellent regioselectivity. The utility of this protocol has been validated by the synthesis of a drug-like molecule

Heat knockdown time (A) and chill coma recovery time (B) (min) for the Harbin and Turpan populations of the <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> MED cryptic species.

<p>The numbers represent the means ±1 S.E.; N = 100 in all cases. Bars topped with a different capital letter indicate a significant difference between the females and males within the same population; the different lowercase letters indicate a significant difference in the same sex between the two populations of <i>B. tabaci</i> MED cryptic species (two-way ANOVA followed by <i>post hoc</i> Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test, <i>P</i><0.05).</p

Defluorinated Porous Carbon Nanomaterials for CO₂ Capture

This paper described a facile preparation of a fluorinated covalent triazine framework (2F-CTF) via an AlCl3-catalyzed Friedel–Crafts reaction and the employment of 2F-CTF as the precursor to prepare defluorinated porous carbon nanomaterials (df-CTF-KT) with the aid of KOH. The C–F bonds can generate reactive fluorinated species during carbonization and etch the precursor’s backbone to afford improved porosity. Especially, df-CTF-K700 exhibited a higher surface area and microporosity when compared with the precursor 2F-CTF (1914 vs 1122 m2 g–1 and 0.633 vs 0.282 cm3 g–1) and thus afforded increased CO2 uptake under 1 bar (391 vs 215 mg g–1 at 273 K and 218 vs 101 mg g–1 at 298 K). A non-fluorinated CTF and its carbonization product were synthesized to understand the important role of fluorine in CTFs and porous carbon nanomaterials. Both 2F-CTF and df-CTF-K700 showed higher CO2 uptake capacity than the non-fluorinated CTF and derived porous carbons, respectively. Importantly, the CO2 uptake capacity of df-CTF-K700 is much better than most of the reported porous carbons and other porous adsorbents, and the Qst value at zero coverage is 27.3 kJ mol–1, affording the facile desorption process

Time-varying k-domain modulation around a point sink in time reversal cavity

This paper derives and investigates a time-varying k-domain modulation in vector form using a time-reversal (TR) field decomposition theory proposed for the first time. First, the proposed theory illustrates that the TR field can exhibit super-resolution property from the perspective of spatial focusing pattern if a point sink is set at the initial source point. Afterward, the instantaneous TR fields with and without the point sink, as well as their k-domain patterns are compared to illustrate the time-varying k-domain modulation, which accounts for the superresolution property. The phenomenon observed and derived in this paper shows great potential in the applications empowered by super-resolution focusing, such as wireless communication carrying the subwavelength information and high spatial resolution wireless power transfer

Narrow-sense heritability (<i>h</i>²), variance, and coefficient of variation components for heat knockdown time and chill coma recovery time (Harbin and Turpan populations) of <i>B. tabaci</i> MED cryptic species.

<p>Additive genetic variance (<i>V</i>_A), environmental variance (<i>V</i>_E), phenotypic variance (<i>V</i>_P), narrow-sense heritability (<i>h</i>²), evolvability (<i>I</i>_A×100), coefficient of additive genetic variance (<i>CV</i>_A) and coefficient of environmental variance (<i>CV</i>_E) for heat knockdown time and chill coma recovery time. <i>N</i> =  sample size.</p>1<p><i>P</i><0.05 for log likelihood ratio test of significant differences from zero;</p><p>*<i>P</i><0.05.</p

Yeast two-hybrid assay of interactions among LaJAZ proteins.

Interactions among the LaJAZ proteins were analyzed by yeast mating for 3 days. Positive transformants were determined on QDO (SD-Trp/-Leu/-Ade/-His) nutritional selection medium supplemented with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl α-d-galactoside (X-α-Gal). The mating of pGBKT7-53 in Y2H gold yeast plus pGADT7-SV40 in Y187 yeast was used as a positive control (+), and pGBKT7-Lam / pGADT7-SV40 was used as a negative control (-).</p

Metastable Zone Width and Primary Nucleation Kinetics for Crystallization of KCl from a KCl-MgCl₂‑H₂O System

Effects of MgCl2 and NaCl mass fraction, stirring rate, cooling rate, and flotation reagent on metastable zone width of KCl in the aqueous system K+, Mg2+//Cl–-H2O were investigated by a laser method. Metastable zone width increases with a decrease in stirring rate and saturation temperature and an increase in cooling rate. Moreover, metastable zone width increases significantly with the presence of dodecyl morpholine (DMP). The effect mechanism was revealed by molecular dynamics simulation. It demonstrated that diffusion inhibition in K+ of DMP contributes to the increase in metastable zone width. Furthermore, the self-consistent Nývlt-like equation and classical 3D nucleation theory were employed to study primary nucleation kinetics of KCl with acceptable accuracy. The activation energies Esat of the KCl nucleation process calculated by the self-consistent Nývlt-like equation and classical 3D nucleation theory are 14.88 and 11.91 kJ/mol, respectively. Research on metastable zone width provides a thermodynamic basis for KCl production process optimization from cold decomposition of carnallite