Differences in mean levels of physical capability (95% confidence intervals) per one standard deviation difference in sedentary time, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and physical activity energy expenditure at age 60–64 years using multivariable linear regression models.

<p>Model 1: adjusted for sex.</p><p>Model 2: adjusted for sex, height and weight.</p><p>Model 3: adjusted for sex, height, weight, education level, occupational class, smoking status and long-term limiting illness or disability.</p><p>n = 1,646 for grip strength; n = 1,710 for chair rise speed; n = 1,713 for standing balance time and n = 1,609 for TUG speed.</p><p>Associations highlighted in bold are statistically significant at p<0.05</p><p>* Each one unit (standard deviation) change equates to: 2.1 hours/day difference in time spent sedentary; a 60 min/day difference in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and a 14.7 kJ/kg/day difference in physical activity energy expenditure.</p><p>Effect estimates are from analyses using the multiple imputation by chained equations method run across 10 imputed datasets and using Rubin’s combination rules to combine datasets.</p><p>Definitions: Sedentary time was defined as a MET value of <1.5 in accordance with current convention [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126465#pone.0126465.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>] and MVPA as ≥3.0 METs using an individualised estimate of RMR to define one MET [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126465#pone.0126465.ref031" target="_blank">31</a>].</p><p>Differences in mean levels of physical capability (95% confidence intervals) per one standard deviation difference in sedentary time, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and physical activity energy expenditure at age 60–64 years using multivariable linear regression models.</p

Characteristics of the study sample of 1727 participants from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development at age 60–64.

<p>Data are means (SD) and <i>n</i> (%).</p><p>^aGrip strength: men = 793, women = 819; chair rise speed: men = 785, women = 832; standing balance time: men = 803, women = 848; TUG time: men = 765, women = 824;</p><p>^bHeight: n = 834 for men; weight: n = 835 for men and n = 889 for women;</p><p>^cMen = 792 and women = 845;</p><p>^dMen = 833 and women = 886;</p><p>^eMen = 761 and women = 817;</p><p>^fMen = 835 and women = 888.</p><p>Note: Sedentary time was defined as a MET value of <1.5 in accordance with current convention [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126465#pone.0126465.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>] and MVPA as ≥3.0 METs using an individualised estimate of RMR to define one MET [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126465#pone.0126465.ref031" target="_blank">31</a>].</p><p>Characteristics of the study sample of 1727 participants from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development at age 60–64.</p

Characteristics of EPIC-Norfolk participants included in this analysis by levels of estimated 10-year absolute cardiovascular risk, the Framingham risk score (FRS), at the baseline health examination (n = 12,197).

Characteristics of EPIC-Norfolk participants included in this analysis by levels of estimated 10-year absolute cardiovascular risk, the Framingham risk score (FRS), at the baseline health examination (n = 12,197).</p

Cardiovascular disease risk classification comparing the Framingham risk score at baseline with the Framingham risk score at the second health examination in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort (n = 12,197).

Cardiovascular disease risk classification comparing the Framingham risk score at baseline with the Framingham risk score at the second health examination in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort (n = 12,197).</p

Pictorial diagram of timeframe and information used for investigating the prediction of CVD events in this analysis.

<p>x = censored due to diagnosis of cardiovascular disease: • = censored due to death from diseases other than cardiovascular disease.</p

Comparisons between the risk scores at different health examinations of the measures of predictive ability for a first cardiovascular event in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort (n = 12,197).

<p>Comparisons between the risk scores at different health examinations of the measures of predictive ability for a first cardiovascular event in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort (n = 12,197).</p

Rates of a first cardiovascular events by levels of estimated absolute risk at the first (FRS1) and second health examination four years later (FRS2).

<p>Note: The line above each bar indicates the 95% confidence interval, and the number above each bar represents the number of participants in each risk category.</p

Hazard ratios of hospitalisation and mortality from stroke and ischemic heart disease for self-rated health (SRH) at short-, mid- and long-term, cox models with delayed entry.

<p>Each of the models was fully adjusted for sociodemographic variables (age, sex and education), behavioural risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, vitamin C intake and physical activity) and clinical risk factors (total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, BMI, history of diabetes and family history of myocardial infarction or stroke).</p><p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065290#pone-0065290-t002" target="_blank">table 2</a> for the risk over the total follow-up period (0–14 years).</p

Flow of GP-Practices included in the Danish arm of the ADDITION trial and number of patients identified with clinically incident diabetes from the Danish National Diabetes Register (DNDR) during the intervention period of the ADDITION trial (2001–2009).

*Patients with screen-detected diabetes included in the ADDITION Trial. Pts = patients.</p

Hazard ratio of hospitalisation and mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke for self-rated health (SRH) adjusted for socio-demographic variables, behavioural risk factors, clinical risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 7,279 men and 9,285 women aged 39–79 years without prevalent CVD in EPIC-Norfolk (1992–2007).

a<p><b>Socio-demographic risk factors</b>: Age, sex and education.</p>b<p><b>Behavioural risk factors:</b> Smoking, alcohol use, vitamin C intake and physical activity.</p>c<p><b>Clinical risk factors:</b> Total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, BMI, history of diabetes and family history of myocardial infarction or stroke.</p>*<p><b>Based on small numbers: n = 3 of n = 260 participants with poor SRH had a fatal CVD event during follow-up.</b></p