Using System Dynamic Modeling for Improving Water Security in the Coastal Area: A Literature Review

BACKGROUND: Water is one of the basic materials of human existence. In respect this, many countries have been focused on water security agenda as one of the national strategic security. One of water security domains is coastal water security. Water security, due to the myriad of factors influencing water quantity and quality in coastal area, can be considered as a complex system. Due to the complexity and dynamic characteristic, system dynamic model (SDM) is needed to implement in coastal area to integrate all subsystem. AIM: This study aims to analyse the subsystems relating to coastal water security. The subsystem determination used to develop future policy-making relating to coastal water security. METHODS: For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted and a set of 12 papers was selected from 2009 – 2019. RESULTS: The papers’ analysis shows the applicability of SDM to solve complex problems. Water scarcity has been identified as a major problem in the coastal area, identified in eight papers. Three papers are related to water quality and only one paper relating to both. There are four major subsystems relating to coastal water security: environment, economic, social, and politic. Information about the aquaculture activities, the mechanism of coastal water pollution and water relating human health risk is still limited. CONCLUSION: We recommend use of SDM in the coastal water security to be extended to aquaculture, coastal water pollution and human health risk aspect in order to promote a holistic understanding of the complex issues and to develop more effective policies

Heavy Metal Contributions on Human Skin Disease near Cement Plant: A Systematic Review

AIM: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate heavy metal roles at skin disease of humans in the cement industrial area. METHODS: All research reporting a specific heavy metal, which could be increasing the risk of the disease, cause cement induced to skin. Fourteen selected articles from our inclusion criteria rated using eight quality-appraisal criteria derived from Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist and following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses methodology. RESULTS: We performed a systematic review of published articles between 2009 and 2019 from ten case–control, two cohort, one ecological study, and one cross-sectional study showed the heterogeneity of the study design. The studies are focusing on the relationship between heavy metal and skin disease that appeared in cement plant areas such as dermatitis, skin cancer, eczema, and other allergies. Chromium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, mercury may present and play an important role for human skin disease. CONCLUSION: Heavy metals have been found in the skin of human living and work around the cement industry. Chromium, cobalt, and nickel are almost certainly present in every case of dermatitis and eczema. Signs and mild symptoms of skin disease include redness, itching, starch, and dryness. Elements such as cadmium, lead, and mercury usually are found in chronic skin disease (psoriasis and skin cancer) on a biologic test. These findings should raise an important concern and recommendation policy for controlling raw materials contains heavy metal in cement industrial areas and proper protection for workers and non-worker

Potential Ecological Risks of Mercury Contamination Along Communities Area In Tonasa Cement Industry Pangkep Indonesia

Objective This study compares mercury measurements at several community's sites for air, soil and water samples. Method This observational analytic applied accidentally random sampling for communities and environmental samples. Total mercury (THg) contaminated concentration sample derived from surround cement processes. Samples of air, water column and soil were collected in one time. Results it implied that THg concentration value in the air, water and soil range from 1.0126 to 4.1172 μg/m3, 0.0750 to 2.0805 μg/L−1 and 11.057 to 32.036 μg/kg−1 dw, respectively. In the average, the magnitude of Hg level was in the surface soils > Air > surface water, respectively. The value of ecological risks was range from 3.0–4.4, 0.16–0.22 in the air, 3.0–4.4, 0.16–0.22 in water and 3.0–4.4, 0.16–0.22 in surface soil, respectively. Conclusion Mercury Risk values are still lower than standard and ecological risks still low hazard, those value however may increase due to occurrence of accumulation on those sites

Potentially Toxic Element Levels in Atmospheric Particulates and Health Risk Estimation around Industrial Areas of Maros, Indonesia

Air quality deterioration is a major environmental problem in Indonesia. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Maros Regency, Indonesia. Total suspended particulate matter was collected from industrial areas for PTE (Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, As and Zn) analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Samples were collected from six critical areas in the Bantimurung region as that is where marble, cement and limestone industries are located. A calculation of the non-carcinogenic and cancer risks was performed to determine the potential health exposures in adults and children. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations and a sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the risk probability and the most sensitive variable contributing to cancer risk from PTE exposure in humans. The results showed that the concentration of PTEs decreased in the order of Zn > Al > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As in the wet season, and Zn > Al > Pb > As > Cr > Cu > Ni in the dry season. The hazard index (HI) value for children was 2.12, indicating a high non-carcinogenic risk for children. The total cancer risk (TCR) values in adults and children were 3.11 × 10−5 and 1.32 × 10−4, respectively, implying that both are at risk for developing cancer. The variables with the most contribution to cancer risk from As, Cr and Pb exposure in adults and children were As concentration (33.9% and 41.0%); exposure duration (ED) (34.3%) and SA (40.7%); and SA (98.7 % and 45.4%), respectively. These findings could be used as the scientific basis for public health intervention and to raise awareness of the harmful health effects of particulate bound PTE