S6 Fig -

PCoA plot: a. Males Chewers Vs. Non-Chewers; b. Associated substances: Chewers Vs. Alcohol and smoking chewers. (TIF)</p

S3 Fig -

a. Genus-species level oral microbiome composition of whole population sampling (n = 22): 75 species including Prevotella denticola (17%), Streptococcus mutans (11%), Neisseria animalis (10%), Bacteroides dorei (8%), and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (6%); b. Relatively abundant genera detected in (n = 22) based on (>1%) threshold and OTU assigned. (TIF)</p

Alpha diversity (comparison chart).

Alpha diversity (comparison chart).</p

Characteristics of study individuals (n = 22).

Characteristics of study individuals (n = 22).</p

Fig 5 -

a. Genus-level oral microbiome Unique OTU elements composition of Betel quid Male chewers Vs. Non-Chewers; (Intra-Grouping); b. Betel quid Chewers Vs. Alcoholic-Smoker Chewer individuals.</p

S8 Fig -

Most Significant Features Comparison with lowest p-value of a. Betel quid chewers Vs. Non-Chewers; b. (21–30 years old young individuals) Betel quid chewers Vs. Non-Chewers. (TIF)</p

Unique elements in between chewers and Non-chewer abundant microbial community.

(TIF)</p

Comparison of within-sample (alpha) diversity to bacterial microbiome based on the study population.

Comparison of within-sample (alpha) diversity to bacterial microbiome based on the study population.</p

S1 Fig -

a. Phylum-level oral microbiome composition of whole population sampling (n = 22): 14 phyla including Firmicutes (38%), Proteobacteria (29%), Bacteroidetes (25%); b. Relatively Abundant phyla detected in (n = 22) on the basis of OTU. (TIF)</p

Fig 6 -

a. Genus-level oral microbiome Unique OTU elements composition of (Associated-Substance Grouping): Betel quid Chewers Vs. Smoker Chewers; b. Chewing History interval: 0–10 years, and 10 years-above chewing exposure time in years.</p