Photomicrograph of a highly myopic optic nerve head (staining: PAS); black stars: inner border of the optic nerve; arrows #1: pia mater of the optic nerve; arrows #2: peripapillary scleral flange as roof of the widened orbital cerebrospinal fluid space; arrows #3: dura mater of the optic nerve; arrow #4: arterial circle of Zinn-Haller; A–B: Pia mater (potentially the “peripapillary scleral ring” upon ophthalmoscopy); B–C: Delta zone (no blood vessels >50 µm diameter within gamma zone); C–D: remaining Gamma zone (peripapillary sclera without overlying choroid, Bruch's membrane and deep retinal layers).

<p>Photomicrograph of a highly myopic optic nerve head (staining: PAS); black stars: inner border of the optic nerve; arrows #1: pia mater of the optic nerve; arrows #2: peripapillary scleral flange as roof of the widened orbital cerebrospinal fluid space; arrows #3: dura mater of the optic nerve; arrow #4: arterial circle of Zinn-Haller; A–B: Pia mater (potentially the “peripapillary scleral ring” upon ophthalmoscopy); B–C: Delta zone (no blood vessels >50 µm diameter within gamma zone); C–D: remaining Gamma zone (peripapillary sclera without overlying choroid, Bruch's membrane and deep retinal layers).</p

Photomicrograph of a glaucomatous optic nerve head (staining: PAS).

<p>Left: arrow #1 end of Bruch's membrane; arrow #2: beginning of choriocapillaris not occluded beneath Bruch's membrane; arrow #3: beginning retinal photoreceptors on Bruch's membrane; arrow #4: beginning of retinal pigment epithelium cells on Bruch's membrane. Right: higher magnification of beta zone; Black arrow: End of Bruch's membrane at the optic disc border; White arrow: open choriocapillaris; Red arrow: end of photoreceptor layer, choriocapillaris open.</p

Scatterplot showing the distribution size of gamma zone versus axial length (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) statistics).

<p>Scatterplot showing the distribution size of gamma zone versus axial length (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) statistics).</p

Associations (Univariate Analysis) between the Disc-Fovea-Angle and Ocular and Systemic Parameters in the Beijing Eye Study 2011.

<p>Associations (Univariate Analysis) between the Disc-Fovea-Angle and Ocular and Systemic Parameters in the Beijing Eye Study 2011.</p

Histogram Showing the Distribution of the Optic Disc—Fovea Angle in the Beijing Eye Study 2011.

<p>Histogram Showing the Distribution of the Optic Disc—Fovea Angle in the Beijing Eye Study 2011.</p

Associations (Multivariate Analysis) between the Disc-Fovea-Angle and Ocular and Systemic Parameters in the Beijing Eye Study 2011.

<p>Associations (Multivariate Analysis) between the Disc-Fovea-Angle and Ocular and Systemic Parameters in the Beijing Eye Study 2011.</p

Relative microglial cell density in regions at zero µm (I), 200 µm (II) and 400 µm (III) from the injury site at 2, 7 and 14 days after experimental transection of the olfactory bulb, stratified into 6 stages according to the morphology of resting versus activated cells.

<p>Relative microglial cell density in regions at zero µm (I), 200 µm (II) and 400 µm (III) from the injury site at 2, 7 and 14 days after experimental transection of the olfactory bulb, stratified into 6 stages according to the morphology of resting versus activated cells.</p

Photographs of microglia cells in the olfactory bulb 2 days after a standardized transection of the olfactory bulb sectioned and stained with Iba-1.

<p>These photomicrographs are showing the cells advancing. (A and B): Stage 1A, a microglia cell has processes that are ramified and spread out, with a small soma. (C–D): Stage 2A, the soma has increased in size to approximately 1.5–2 times the soma diameter of a stage 1A cell. The cell processes have started to retreat and the branches next to the cell soma are thickened. (E–F): Stage 3A, the cell soma diameter is enlarged to 2–3 times the soma diameter of stage 1A. All cell processes have retracted and thickened. (G–H): Stage 4A, the soma diameter is 3–4 times larger than the stage 1 soma; all thin cell processes have completely retracted and only the thick cell branches remain. (I–J): Stage 5A, soma diameter is 5 times larger than the soma diameter in stage 1; the thick process is replaced by a thin process oriented in the direction of the cell movement. All branches are gone. (K–L): Stage 6A shows the transformation from microglia to macrophage. The microglia cell has a large round morphology with a large soma, with one short or no processes. (Scale bar: 10 µm).</p

Multiphoton Z-Stack images of microglia cells immunohistochemically stained by Iba-1 to show the cell bodies and cell processes.

<p>The panels show a Z-Stack of images while the panels to the right and top demonstrate the level of the image in the stack. (A): partially activated microglia with a few activated cells. The cross hairs show the location of the cell and the upper and right panels show the depth of the cell. (B): activated microglial cells as by increased size and more circular shape size. (C): fully activated microglia with several microglia cells in stage 5R. Note: the cells cover the full thickness of the histological slide and although some cells are located close to each other, they can clearly delineated from each other by the Iba-1 label in the cell walls. Scale bar: 10 µm.</p

Drawing of a spider web at each stage of the spider behavior.

<p>(A): The spider is in the middle of the web waiting for prey to hit the web; it will sense the vibration. (B): The spider senses the fly hitting the web and begins to withdraw its legs and move in the direction of the vibration. The spider is showing directional orientation toward the fly. (C): The spider has left the center of the web and is moving along the primary tension member of the web in the direction of the fly. (D): The spider comes in contact with the fly, seizes the fly, wraps it or eats it. (E): When the fly is consumed the spider starts the return to the center of the web. Again, the orientation of the spider is away from the original disturbance and toward the center of the web. (F): The spider, back at the center of the web, has re-extended its legs to the primary tension members of the web waiting until for another disturbance, or a new meal. The direction of the action is driven by a vibration disturbance that is sensed in the legs of the spider. Microglia appear to use their processes as spider legs and move to the injured site.</p