Preliminary mercury emission estimates from non–ferrous metal smelting in India

AbstractMercury (Hg), a potential contaminant to the environment is of global concern because of its toxic nature, trans–boundary movement and its ability to bio–accumulate and bio–magnify. Previous research showed that Hg based chlor–alkali production, coal fired thermal power plants, traditional gold mining, healthcare equipments, waste incineration, and some industrial processes are the major sources of mercury release into environment. Primary non– ferrous metal smelting is considered to be an important anthropogenic Hg emission source in India, but data availability in this regard is a limiting factor. The study thus attempts a preliminary estimation of Hg emission range and creates an emission inventory from non–ferrous metal smelting operations in India. The emission estimates are for the time period 2003 to 2007. Emission in the year 2003 has declined from 5.5 – 7.6 ton where it has increased to 15.5 – 22 ton in year 2007. Zn and Cu smelting contributed maximum (80%) to the total emissions and the rest (20%) was from lead (Pb) smelting. The range of Hg–emission per unit area (g/km2) in the year 2007 was between 2.3 to 6.6 whereas the per capita emission was found between 7 and 19mg from non–ferrous metal smelting industry in India. About 6 to 17 ton of elemental Hg (Hg0), went into the global circulation in the year 2007 whereas mercuric (Hg2+) emissions were in the range of 1.1 to 3.2 ton and the rest (3.8 to 10 tons) was in particulate–form (Hgp). Share of Hg2+ and Hgp in the total Hg–emissions is very small and has impacts on regional to local level

HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF ENDOSCOPIC BIOPSIES IN UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL LESIONS- A PROSPECTIVE STUDY.

Objectives: Upper gastrointestinal tract illnesses are among the most typical issues in clinical practice. Many diseases can affect the upper GIT. One of the key components of creating a successful treatment strategy is making a correct diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal problems, which necessitates histological confirmation. Identify the range of upper gastrointestinal tract histopathological lesions and establish endoscopic biopsies as a valuable tool for accurately diagnosing and treating a variety of upper gastrointestinal tract lesions. Materials & Methods:  The endoscopic biopsies of the upper GIT were the subjects of a prospective study, and the histological evaluation took place at the Department of Pathology at a tertiary care center for over a year. Results: 326 endoscopic biopsies from a total of 288 patients were examined. Patients who were men outnumbered patients who were women. A 9-88 age range was noted. There were cases involving the esophagus (18.4%), the GE junction (3.06%), the stomach (57.05%), the neo stomach (GJstoma), and the duodenum (20.85%). 20.24 percent of cases were benign neoplasms, 18.40 percent were malignant neoplasms, and 61.34 percent were non-neoplastic. The most often diagnosed inflammatory lesion, gastritis, was identified by histopathology as having 63 cases (63%), while the majority of the time identified malignant lesion, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, had 19 instances (63.33%). Conclusion: In our study, 31.18% of neoplastic tumors and 69.89% of non-neoplastic lesions were found in the stomach (57%), which was also the most frequently used site for upper GI endoscopic biopsy. The most typical kind of stomach tumor is adenocarcinoma. Endoscopy enables the collection of biopsy samples from previously inaccessible sites without requiring a sizable resection. Recommendation: It is recommended to comprehend the variety of abnormalities that can be seen in these specimens to make the correct diagnosis and provide better patient treatment

EVALUATION OF SOLITARY POLYPOID MASS IN COLORECTAL REGION WITH CLINICAL PATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION.

Objectives: We conducted this research to comprehensively evaluate solitary polypoids in the colorectal place by conducting a clinicopathological correlation. We aimed to determine the medical and pathological characteristics of those masses, their incidence, and the affiliation among clinical findings and histopathological features. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of patients who offered solitary polypoid masses within the colorectal area at Patna in a tertiary care centre. Inclusion criteria encompassed patients with showed colorectal polyps primarily based on endoscopic findings. Biopsy specimens acquired during endoscopic approaches have been subjected to histopathological examination. Statistical evaluation, inclusive of chi-rectangular assessments or logistic regression, is performed as appropriate to determine massive correlations. Results: Among the polyps studied, 60% were identified as adenomatous, 25% as hyperplastic, 10% as serrated, and 5% as inflammatory subtypes. Additionally, 18% of adenomatous polyps exhibited high-grade dysplasia, indicating an accelerated chance of malignancy. A  statistically enormous association between patient age and the chance of adenomatous polyps (p < 0.05), with older patients being more at risk of adenomatous lesions. Conclusion: The prevalence of adenomatous polyps and the presence of high-grade dysplasia among them reaffirm the want for vigilant tracking and intervention. These outcomes contribute to the developing frame of proof helping early detection and tailor-made control strategies for colorectal pathologies, ultimately aiming to enhance patient effects and reduce the weight of colorectal malignancies. Recommendation: More such studies are required and physicians need to take studies into consideration while assessing the symptoms and deriving the diagnosis of the study

Impact of CNG on emissions of PAHs and PCDDs/Fs from the road transport in Delhi

AbstractIn this paper we present the first estimates and inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from mobile sources in megacity Delhi, India for the period 1999–2006. The “COPERT 4” model was used to estimate 23–species of PAHs and 5–congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo–p–dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzo–furans (PCDFs) from the gasoline, diesel, and CNG (compressed natural gas) fuelled vehicles.Our study shows that the total annual emissions of ∑23–PAHs from road transport has increased ~4 times and emissions of Napthalene (Nap) emerged as the most prominent (8 times), whereas a two-fold increase was seen for the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and benzo[a]pyrene equivalence (BaPeq) emissions between 1999 and 2006 from the road transport alone. Further increase in total PCDDs and PCDFs by ~3 times can made air quality even worse. Estimated emission share of low molecular weight PAHs (2–ring) has increased (from 43%–85%), whereas vice-versa for ones with high molecular weights. Switch–over to CNG especially for public transport resulted into an offset of 21% emissions of ∑23–PAHs, 14% in BaP, and 15% in BaPeq for the year 2006. It is also observed that the PAH emissions from CNG fuelled vehicles have decreased, but overall increase in the share of private vehicles (1.5 times) has outweighed this benefit

Vaman Karma in Yauvan Pidika (Mukhdushika) w.s.r. to Acne Vulgaris : A Case Study

Face is considered as an important part of the body as far as beauty and look is concerned. Hence, everyone in general and youngsters in particular are very cautious about beauty of their face. Acne vulgaris (A.V) is a disease of the pilosebaceous origin that causes non-inflammatory lesions (papules, pustules and nodules) and varying degrees of scarring. In Ayurveda Yauvanapidika (Acne vulgaris) is such a condition that disfigures the face during adolescent to younger age. If the condition remains untreated, it leaves permanent scars over the face. According to Ayurveda, vitiation of Kapha Dosha, Vata Dosha and Rakta Dhatu lead to development of Mukhadushika or Yauvanapidika which have resemblance with acne vulgaris in modern texts. Both modern and Ayurvedic sciences have considered the use of topical as well as oral medicines and their combination for the management of acne vulgaris. No doubt modern medication provides quick relief from acne vulgaris but cause noticeable side effects. Nowadays herbal formulations and Ayurvedic therapy are the superior choices for cosmetic purposes among the most of the population. So, the aim and objectives of this article is to minimize the side effects of Allopathic medicine in Acne vulgaris (A.V) as well as to popularized the Vamana therapy (one of the procedures of Panchakarma therapy) by a case study of 25 yrs old female patient having complaints of recurrent erythematic papules and pustules along with dark spots on her face. She was given Shodhana Therapy (Vamana therapy) and then Shaman Chikitsa (Panchkol Phanta, Chitrakadi Vati, Liv 52 DS). She got good result in Yauvanapidika (Acne vulgaris)

Incidence of diabetes and ischemic heart disease in COVID-19 post pandemic

Background: The long-term effects of COVID-19 pandemic are currently getting more attention. The majority of individuals with COVID-19 report having symptoms for longer than 4 weeks following their initial appearance. after COVID-19 infection, there is worry that cardiovascular conditions and metabolic conditions may be harmed. Aim of the study the incidence of ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus (DM) post COVID 19 pandemic. Methods: Information for all individuals diagnosed as suffering of COVID-19 were taken at the beginning of the investigation from the health department's release of electronic medical records in February 2021. The main outcomes analysed were first ever documented cardiovascular disorders (CVD) as well as DM diagnoses. The data were then combined for the time periods following the index date (long COVID-19), for five to twelve weeks following the index date (post-acute COVID19), for four weeks after the date of indexing (acute COVID-19), prior to the index date (Pre-index). For COVID-19 patients as well as control subjects, incidence rates with precise Poisson confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. Results: CVD events was 1362 in COVID-19 study group while it was 131 in control study group at phase corresponding to four weeks after the indexed date. CVD events was 781 in COVID-19 study group while it was 298 in control study group at phase corresponding to five to twelve weeks since the date of indexing. CVD events was 781 in COVID-19 study group while it was 298 in control study group at phase corresponding to five to twelve weeks since the date of indexing. CVD events was 2,134 in COVID-19 study group while it was 298 in control study group at phase corresponding to 13 to 52 weeks since the date of indexing.   Conclusions: Early on after COVID-19 infection, the risk of CVD is elevated, and this risk is elevated for up to three months. However, there does not appear to be a long-term rise in the prevalence of CVD or DM in COVID-19 patients who do not already have these illnesses. This study shows that after COVID-19 infection, the incidence of DM is high for at minimum 12 weeks before it starts to decline

Effect of long - term integrated nutrient management on crop yield, nutrition and soil fertility under rice-wheat system

Long-term effect of nitrogen substitution (25 to 50%) through different organics, viz., FYM (farm yard ma-nure), GM (green manure) and WS (wheat straw) on crop yield, nutrition and physico-chemical properties of soil was studied under rice-wheat system. The data of long term experiment revealed that maximum grain yield of 46.83 qha-1 in wheat was obtained when 100% RDF applied through mineral fertilizers after 50% N of RDF being substituted with FYM in rice. Grain yield of wheat declined under control and sub-optimal fertilizer inputs (50% or 75% recommended fertilizer NPK), whereas positive yield increment was observed under treatments receiving organic supplements. The analysis of soil samples showed that soil pH reduced from initial value of 7.40 to 7.22, organic carbon build-up from 0.46% to 0.76%, available N from 194.00 to 225.95 kgha-1 available P2O5 from 23.60 to 49.54 kgha-1 and available K2O from 155.00 to 189.95 kgha-1 However, available Sulphur and DTPA-Zn increased from 7.74 to 14.41 kg ha-1 and 0.75 to 1.37 mg kg-1 respectively due to long-term (29 years) integrated nutrient management practices under rice-wheat system in alluvial soil. In conclusion, substitution of 50% and 25% N of RDF to rice through organics either FYM / Green manure / Wheat straw significantly increased the crop yield and nutrient uptake of wheat as well as build up the organic carbon, available N, P2O5, K2O, Sulphur, DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn of post harvest soil after 29 years of the experiment

Prevalence of skin diseases among infants in a tertiary medical facility in Uttarakhand

Background: Skin diseases are common in infancy. This study aimed to determine to prevalence of various dermatoses in infancy in Uttarakhand. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of different dermatologic diseases in infant in Uttarakhand.Methods: A prospective study was carried out for one year from 06 Sep 2013 to 05 Sep 2014, to study prevalence and patterns of dermatological lesions in infants, a tertiary care health facility in Uttarakhand. A total of 234 infants of both sexes were seen during this period.Results: Of 234 patients 58.9% were males. Noninfectious dermatitis was the largest group of skin disorders in infancy, constituting 35.89% of total cases. Seborrheic dermatitis was commonest type of non-infectious dermatitis in infancy (42.85%) followed by atopic dermatitis (19.04%), Ptyriasis alba (14.28 %), contact and diaper dermatitis (7.14% each). Seborrheic dermatitis did not display any gender or seasonal bias. Infectious/ parasitic infestations formed second largest group of dermatoses in infants (26.92%) with commonest being fungal infections (49% cases of infectious group) followed by parasitic infestations (26.98%). Bacterial and viral infections were formed only 12.69% and 11.11% of infectious group cases. Nonfungal and nonparasitic infections showed higher incidence in summers.Conclusion: Out of 234 infants who attended paediatric dermatology clinic, major dermatoses were of noninfectious origin with seborrheic dermatitis forming largest group. Infectious etiology dermatoses constituted second major group with fungal and parasitic etiology. Nonfungal and non-parasitic dermatoses showed higher prevalence in summer months.

Signature capture of red soil patches and their acidity-A case study of Banka district, Bihar, India

Colour in soils as well as other object is the visual perceptual property which is perceived by human eye. They are governed by spectrum of light corresponding to wavelength or reflected energy of the material. Developed model for soil acidity is based on visual interpretation, principal component and spectral enhancement techniques by using of the satellite image (IRS LISS III, 2014). In this context, red soil patch is much sensitive in red spectral band comparison to green and blue spectral bands and perceived as red tone by human eyes but same soil patch appears green in false colour composite (FCC) image of NIR (0.70-0.80?m), Red (0.60-0.70 ?m) and Green (0.50-0.60?m) bands. The maximum coverage of red soil patches having low pH < 6.5 (1:2.5) was recognized in 44.07 per cent of the total geographical area (3019.56 sq.km) under Banka district. Maximum red soil patches having their acidity were recognised in Katoria (18.56%), Chanan (15.15%), Bounsi (10.44%) and Banka (9.92%) blocks. Overall results indicated that variation of tone in different bands helps for the separation of red soil patches

Povezanost genskih varijanti akvaporina 7 s kvalitetom sjemena u murrah bivola

The Aquaporin 7 (AQP7) gene, a member of the aqua-glyceroporins, was characterised using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis, in order to investigate the association of genetic variants of the AQP7 gene with semen quality in Murrah bulls. In this study, genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of Murrah bulls (n = 69) using the high salt method. Sequence data were analyzed using Bio Edit software (version 7.0.5) for detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Statistical analysis was carried out using repeated GLM procedure measures (SAS 9.3). Analysis revealed 17 different SSCP variants in the AQP7 gene in Murrah buffaloes. Three unique SSCP band patterns were observed in exons 1 and 4. Exons 5, 7 and 8 showed five, four and two unique SSCP band patterns, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed a total of 20 SNPs (8 in exonic and 12 in intronic region). PCR-SSCP variants of exon 5 were significantly associated (P<0.01) with sperm concentration. SSCP variants of exons 5 and 8 were associated (P<0.05) with sperm viability and post thaw motility (PTM), respectively. The study revealed a high degree of genetic variability in the AQP7 gene in Murrah bulls. The SSCP variants observed are associated with semen parameters which suggests the possibility of using the AQP7 gene as a candidate gene for identification of markers for semen quality traits in buffaloes.Gen akvaporin 7 (AQP7), koji pripada akvagliceroporinima, analiziran je kombinacijom lančane reakcije polimerazom i utvrđivanjem polimorfizma jednolančane konformacije (PCR-SSCP) s ciljem da se istraži povezanost genskih varijanti s kvalitetom sjemena u Murrah bivola. Genomska DNA izdvojena je iz krvi bivola (n = 69) high salt metodom. Za otkrivanje polimorfizma pojedinačnih nukleotida (SNP) sekvencije su analizirane programom Bio Edit (verzija 7.0.5). Statistička analiza provedena je GLM procedurom ponovljenih mjerenja (SAS 9.3). Analiza je pokazala 17 različitih SSCP varijanti AQP7gena u Murrah bivola. Tri jedinstvena SSCP rasporeda linija utvrđena su u egzonima 1 i 4. Egzoni 5, 7 i 8 pokazali su pet, četiri i dva jedinstvena SSCP rasporeda linija. Sekvenciranje je pokazalo ukupno 20 SNP-a (8 u egzonima i 12 u intronima). PCR-SSCP varijante egzona 5 statistički su značajno povezane (P<0,01) s koncentracijom sjemena. SSCP varijante egzona 5 i 8 značajno su povezane (P<0,05) s vijabilnošću spermija i njihovom pokretljivošću nakon odmrzavanja. Istraživanje je pokazalo visok stupanj genetičke varijabilnosti akvaporina 7 u Murrah bivola. Utvrđene SSCP varijante koje su povezane s pokazateljima kakvoće sjemena upućuju na mogućnost upotrebe akvaporina 7 gena kao kandidatnog gena za identifikaciju biljega kvalitete sjemena bivola