Is this Digital Resilience? Insights from Adaptation and Exaptation of a Cyber-Physical-Social System

This paper is based on a qualitative case study that explores the adaptation and customisation of a Cyber Physical Social System (CPSS)-based patient monitoring solution for use during Covid19 in the Norwegian health sector. The study seeks to answer the following research questions: 1) what are the preconditions that enable the adaptive use of a CPSS in crisis response efforts? 2) what are the contributions of the adaptive use of technology in the building of digital resilience in a health organisation? The study identifies five main themes emerge as enabling factors forming a basis for the preconditions to adaptive use of the CPSS. We conclude with a discussion on the practical and theoretical implications of this research and how it contributes to crisis management and digital resilience theory

Slaying the SA-Demons – Humans vs. Technology – A Content analysis

This paper examines Situation Awareness (SA) and the application of Endsley’s SA-Demons in different contexts and research areas. We perform content analysis to examine how they are used, and to what degree they are perceived as stemming from human-error or weaknesses in technology and if any suggestions for mitigation are primarily focused on the human or the technology side. Based on our findings, we propose Universal Design as a tool that can counter the effects of the SA-Demons by improving the usability and accessibility of SA-supporting technology and thereby removing barriers to SA, rather than challenging the users to overcome not only barriers that are a result of the complexity of the situation itself, but also additional barriers that are caused by inferior and suboptimal design of the technology in use.publishedVersio

A framework for assessing the condition of crowds exposed to a fire hazard using a probabilistic model

Published version of an article in the journal: International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing. Also available from the publisher at: http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/IJMLC.2014.V4.379 open AccessAllocating limited resources in an optimal manner when rescuing victims from a hazard is a complex and error prone task, because the involved hazards are typically evolving over time; stagnating, building up or diminishing. Typical error sources are: miscalculation of resource availability and the victims’ condition. Thus, there is a need for decision support when it comes to rapidly predicting where the human fatalities are likely to occur to ensure timely rescue. This paper proposes a probabilistic model for tracking the condition of victims when exposed to fire hazards, using a Bayesian Network. The model is extracted from safety literature on human physiological and psychological responses against heat, thermal radiation and smoke. We simulate the state of victims under different fire scenarios and observe the likelihood of fatalities due to fire exposure. We show how our probabilistic approach can serve as the basis for improved decision support, providing real-time hazard and health assessments to the decision makers

Universal Design of ICT for Emergency Management from Stakeholders’ Perspective - A Systematic Literature Review

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Smartphone sensing platform for emergency management

The increasingly sophisticated sensors supported by modern smartphones open up novel research opportunities, such as mobile phone sensing. One of the most challenging of these research areas is context-aware and activity recognition. The SmartRescue project takes advantage of smartphone sensing, processing and communication capabilities to monitor hazards and track people in a disaster. The goal is to help crisis managers and members of the public in early hazard detection, prediction, and in devising risk-minimizing evacuation plans when disaster strikes. In this paper we suggest a novel smartphone-based communication framework. It uses specific machine learning techniques that intelligently process sensor readings into useful information for the crisis responders. Core to the framework is a content-based publish-subscribe mechanism that allows flexible sharing of sensor data and computation results. We also evaluate a preliminary implementation of the platform, involving a smartphone app that reads and shares mobile phone sensor data for activity recognition.Comment: 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management ISCRAM2014 (2014

Understanding situational disabilities and situational awareness in disasters

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Evaluating Accessibility and Usability of an Experimental Situational Awareness Room

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Using Audio-Logs for Analyzing the Development of a Common Operational Picture in Multi-agency Emergency Response

Multi-agency emergency response requires effective communication and collaboration for building and maintaining a common operational picture. Full-scale exercises are shown to be effective for learning, and for training the collaborative skills needed. This paper presents a methodology for analysis of real-time communication for building the common operational picture, using audio-logs. The analysis of the audio-logs provides insights for both practitioners and researchers in the emergency management domain concerning the dynamics of inter-agency collaboration and information exchanges when responding to emergencies. Coding and categorizing of audio-log-based information exchanges among multi-agency stakeholders were applied based on a full-scale emergency exercise on multiple terror actions. The results show that the methodology can contribute to analyze the development of a common operational picture, supplementing existing methods for evaluation of full-scale emergency exercises and real events

Using Audio-Logs for Analyzing the Development of a Common Operational Picture in Multi-agency Emergency Response

Multi-agency emergency response requires effective communication and collaboration for building and maintaining a common operational picture. Full-scale exercises are shown to be effective for learning, and for training the collaborative skills needed. This paper presents a methodology for analysis of real-time communication for building the common operational picture, using audio-logs. The analysis of the audio-logs provides insights for both practitioners and researchers in the emergency management domain concerning the dynamics of inter-agency collaboration and information exchanges when responding to emergencies. Coding and categorizing of audio-log-based information exchanges among multi-agency stakeholders were applied based on a full-scale emergency exercise on multiple terror actions. The results show that the methodology can contribute to analyze the development of a common operational picture, supplementing existing methods for evaluation of full-scale emergency exercises and real events.publishedVersio