27 research outputs found

    Linking marketing choices with farming practices of grain producers: A farm level modeling approach applied to the South-west of France

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    With the increasing commodity prices volatility over the last years and the successive agricultural policy reforms, European grain producers face greater uncertainty. To better understand consequences of a price risk increase on production decisions, marketing decisions and farm revenue as well as linkage between production and marketing decisions, we develop a multiperiodic risk farm model. Production decisions concern selections of crop mix and farming practices (conventional or integrated farming) while marketing decisions focus on four types of pricing arrangements. The model is applied to a representative farmer of a region located in the Southwest of France. The results exposed in this paper shows that with a price risk increase, production adjustments of a risk averse farmer are oriented toward less risky (environmentally friendly) farming practices unless marketing contracts allow to mitigate price risk.multiperiod farm model, marketing contracts, risk, common agricultural policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management,

    Impacts of agricultural produce cess (tax) reform options in Tanzania

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    This report presents the results of an impact analysis of several reform options of the agricultural produce cess in Tanzania. The produce cess is a levy charged by Local Governments Authorities (LGAs) on the value of the marketed agricultural production. This analysis is achieved using a micro-economic model applied to a representative sample of 3134 farm-households spread out over all the country coming from the World Bank-LSMS-ISA surveys. The potential effects of the simulated reform options on land use, production, input use, farm income, LGAs revenues and some food security related indicators are presented and discussed.JRC.D.4-Economics of Agricultur

    Modelling farm-household livelihoods in developing economies

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    This report presents the FSSIM-Dev (Farming System Simulator for Developing Countries) model, which is one of the decision-making tools developed by the JRC to provide independent evidence-based policy analysis in the areas of food and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture, specifically in sub-Saharan Africa. It aims to stimulate dialogue between scientists and policymakers, and to challenge them in better addressing the question of the ‘last mile’ between research results and concrete decision-making. FSSIM-Dev is a farm household model used to ex ante assess the impacts of agri-food policies and technological innovations on food security and rural poverty alleviation, in the specific context of low-income/developing countries. It aims to inform policymakers on how changes in prices, technology, food and agricultural policies might affect the viability, poverty and food security of heterogeneous sets of farm households that characterize the agricultural sector, which types of farm households will be most affected, where these most-affected farms are located, etc. The report provides a detailed description of the FSSIM-Dev model in terms of design, mathematical structure, data preparation, calibration process, and modelling of household (market) decisions. The rationale, theoretical background, technical specification and main indicators that can be generated from this model are also presented and discussed. The report also presents a comprehensive summary of results from the application of FSSIM-Dev to three countries: Ethiopia, Niger and Tanzania. Data from the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS–ISA) ( ), which provide a national representative survey of the rural population with a focus on the farming sector, were used in these three country case studies.JRC.D.4-Economics of Agricultur

    Eco-intensification dans les montagnes du Vietnam. Contraintes à l'adoption de la culture sur couvertures végétales

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    D'importants efforts sont menés dans le monde tropical pour mettre au point et promouvoir des systÚmes de culture sous couverture végétale (SCV) en vue de réduire l'érosion des sols et d'améliorer les bilans minéraux et hydriques. En agriculture familiale, l'adoption des SCV reste cependant limitée par les profonds changements que ces systÚmes induisent dans la gestion des ressources de l'exploitation. L'objectif de cette étude menée au Vietnam est d'évaluer la faisabilité, pour différents types d'exploitations, de SCV préalablement mis au point à l'échelle de la parcelle. La méthode repose sur la simulation de ménages rationnels optimisant l'usage des ressources en vue d'objectifs de sécurité alimentaire et de revenu. Elle révÚle la faible attractivité économique des SCV proposés en raison du surcroßt de travail et d'intrants que ces nouveaux systÚmes requiÚrent la premiÚre année de mise en oeuvre. L'étude montre aussi que pour rendre les SCV plus attractifs, il serait nécessaire de combiner des adaptations de la technique, telles que la diminution des quantités de biomasse dans les paillis associée à un recours aux herbicides, avec des subventions. Des recherches complémentaires sont nécessaires pour mieux quantifier les services environnementaux qui justifieraient de telles subventions. Il est également nécessaire de comprendre les causes de variations spatiales et temporelles des performances agronomiques et économiques des SCV et des systÚmes actuellement pratiqués. Enfin, il faudrait comparer les SCV à d'autres techniques de conservation des sols, dont en particulier la culture en terrasse qui se répand actuellement dans la région. (Résumé d'auteur

    Subvention des intrants agricoles au SĂ©negal

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    Ce rapport prĂ©sente les rĂ©sultats d’une Ă©valuation ex-ante de plusieurs scĂ©narios de ciblage des mĂ©nages agricoles pour le programme de subvention des engrais actuellement en place au SĂ©nĂ©gal. Cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  l’aide du modĂšle de mĂ©nage agricole FSSIM-Dev calibrĂ© sur un Ă©chantillon de 2 278 mĂ©nages agricole issus de l’enquĂȘte ESPS-2. Les effets sur les assolements, l’utilisation de l’engrais, le revenu des mĂ©nages mais aussi sur le budget de l’Etat sont prĂ©sentĂ©s et discutĂ©s.JRC.D.4-Economics of Agricultur

    Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

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    RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≄60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

    Analyse économique des décisions de commercialisation et de production des exploitants agricoles exposés à la volatilité des prix : application au secteur des grandes cultures en région Midi-Pyrénées

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    Suite aux rĂ©formes de la politique agricole de l’UE dĂ©butĂ©es il y a 20 ans, les agriculteurs spĂ©cialisĂ©s dans le secteur des grandes cultures sont de plus en plus exposĂ©s aux marchĂ©s agricoles internationaux, de nature volatile. Dans ce contexte, les contrats de commercialisation proposĂ©s par les organismes collecteurs deviennent les principaux outils de gestion du risque de prix sur les exploitations. Cette thĂšse a ainsi pour objectif, dans sa premiĂšre partie, d’analyser les dĂ©terminants du choix des principaux contrats de commercialisation français. Il est tout d’abord proposĂ© une revue de la littĂ©rature s’intĂ©ressant aux contrats de commercialisation et aux dĂ©terminants de leur adoption. Ensuite, il est restituĂ© les rĂ©sultats Ă©conomĂ©triques d’une Ă©tude entreprise en Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es sur les choix contractuels des adhĂ©rents d’une coopĂ©rative. Il est notamment montrĂ© que les contrats de stockage mais aussi les contrats de vente avant rĂ©colte sont utilisĂ©s dans une logique plutĂŽt spĂ©culative alors que les contrats acompte-complĂ©ment de prix sont employĂ©s comme outils de rĂ©duction du risque de prix. Dans sa seconde partie, la thĂšse vise Ă  analyser et Ă  Ă©valuer le rĂŽle de ces contrats comme outils de gestion du risque de prix ainsi que les interactions entre ces choix de contrats et les dĂ©cisions de production dans un contexte de fluctuation croissante des prix et de rĂ©duction des aides directes allouĂ©es aux agriculteurs. Il est revu la littĂ©rature qui traite des interactions entre ces deux types de choix. Ensuite, un modĂšle analytique examine les effets du risque et des instruments de politiques agricoles sur les choix de production et de contrats de commercialisation. Il est montrĂ© que ces deux types de choix sont sensibles aux mesures de politiques agricoles. Le dernier chapitre dĂ©veloppe un modĂšle d’exploitation agricole multi-pĂ©riodique en programmation mathĂ©matique appliquĂ© au cas d’un producteur de Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es afin d’évaluer les consĂ©quences de plusieurs scĂ©narios sur les choix de contrats et sur les choix de production (assolement et choix technique). Il est relevĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt des contrats de commercialisation comme leviers d’adoption de techniques Ă©conomes en intrants qui sont plus risquĂ©es que les techniques conventionnelles.Successive CAP reforms over the last 20 years have led cash crop farmers to be more exposed to the volatility of commodity prices. In this context, marketing contracts offered to farmers are important instruments to manage price risk. The first part of this thesis aims to identify the determinants of farmer’s choices among the three main existing French marketing contracts. To accomplish this, an extensive literature review on the determinants of marketing contract choices in agriculture is undertaken. In a second chapter, econometric results from an empirical study on cash crop farmers of Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es are presented. Among others findings, the results show that storage contracts as well as forward contracts are used in connection with farmer’s price expectations while pool contracts are used for price risk mitigation considerations. The second part of the thesis aims to analyze and evaluate the role of marketing contracts as risk management tools and to study the interaction between marketing contract choices and production decisions when price risk increases and direct payments are reduced. Firstly, a literature review on interactions between production decisions and marketing contract choices is undertaken. Subsequently, we demonstrate, in an analytical model, that both production decisions and marketing contracts decision are impacted by risk and agricultural policies. A multi-periodic mathematical programming farm model, applied to the case of a farmer from Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es, is then built. It assesses the consequences of several scenarios on both production choices (crop mix and technical choice) and marketing contract choices. It is shown that the use of marketing contracts by farmers can also help them to use low input practices which are more risky than conventional ones

    Economic Analysis of marketing and production decisions of farmers exposed to world prices of agricultural commodities : the case of cash crop farmers in Midi-Pyrénees region

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    Suite aux rĂ©formes de la politique agricole de l’UE dĂ©butĂ©es il y a 20 ans, les agriculteurs spĂ©cialisĂ©s dans le secteur des grandes cultures sont de plus en plus exposĂ©s aux marchĂ©s agricoles internationaux, de nature volatile. Dans ce contexte, les contrats de commercialisation proposĂ©s par les organismes collecteurs deviennent les principaux outils de gestion du risque de prix sur les exploitations. Cette thĂšse a ainsi pour objectif, dans sa premiĂšre partie, d’analyser les dĂ©terminants du choix des principaux contrats de commercialisation français. Il est tout d’abord proposĂ© une revue de la littĂ©rature s’intĂ©ressant aux contrats de commercialisation et aux dĂ©terminants de leur adoption. Ensuite, il est restituĂ© les rĂ©sultats Ă©conomĂ©triques d’une Ă©tude entreprise en Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es sur les choix contractuels des adhĂ©rents d’une coopĂ©rative. Il est notamment montrĂ© que les contrats de stockage mais aussi les contrats de vente avant rĂ©colte sont utilisĂ©s dans une logique plutĂŽt spĂ©culative alors que les contrats acompte-complĂ©ment de prix sont employĂ©s comme outils de rĂ©duction du risque de prix. Dans sa seconde partie, la thĂšse vise Ă  analyser et Ă  Ă©valuer le rĂŽle de ces contrats comme outils de gestion du risque de prix ainsi que les interactions entre ces choix de contrats et les dĂ©cisions de production dans un contexte de fluctuation croissante des prix et de rĂ©duction des aides directes allouĂ©es aux agriculteurs. Il est revu la littĂ©rature qui traite des interactions entre ces deux types de choix. Ensuite, un modĂšle analytique examine les effets du risque et des instruments de politiques agricoles sur les choix de production et de contrats de commercialisation. Il est montrĂ© que ces deux types de choix sont sensibles aux mesures de politiques agricoles. Le dernier chapitre dĂ©veloppe un modĂšle d’exploitation agricole multi-pĂ©riodique en programmation mathĂ©matique appliquĂ© au cas d’un producteur de Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es afin d’évaluer les consĂ©quences de plusieurs scĂ©narios sur les choix de contrats et sur les choix de production (assolement et choix technique). Il est relevĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt des contrats de commercialisation comme leviers d’adoption de techniques Ă©conomes en intrants qui sont plus risquĂ©es que les techniques conventionnelles.Successive CAP reforms over the last 20 years have led cash crop farmers to be more exposed to the volatility of commodity prices. In this context, marketing contracts offered to farmers are important instruments to manage price risk. The first part of this thesis aims to identify the determinants of farmer’s choices among the three main existing French marketing contracts. To accomplish this, an extensive literature review on the determinants of marketing contract choices in agriculture is undertaken. In a second chapter, econometric results from an empirical study on cash crop farmers of Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es are presented. Among others findings, the results show that storage contracts as well as forward contracts are used in connection with farmer’s price expectations while pool contracts are used for price risk mitigation considerations. The second part of the thesis aims to analyze and evaluate the role of marketing contracts as risk management tools and to study the interaction between marketing contract choices and production decisions when price risk increases and direct payments are reduced. Firstly, a literature review on interactions between production decisions and marketing contract choices is undertaken. Subsequently, we demonstrate, in an analytical model, that both production decisions and marketing contracts decision are impacted by risk and agricultural policies. A multi-periodic mathematical programming farm model, applied to the case of a farmer from Midi-PyrĂ©nĂ©es, is then built. It assesses the consequences of several scenarios on both production choices (crop mix and technical choice) and marketing contract choices. It is shown that the use of marketing contracts by farmers can also help them to use low input practices which are more risky than conventional ones
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