Inspection of the Lower Half of Wing Lap Joints with EMATs

Detection of fatigue cracks at the fastener holes in the lower portion of the C5A wing lap joint is complicated by lack of a direct line of access, and by the presence of fasteners and sealant material. Furthermore, any successful detection procedure must take into account the wide variation in the geometrical features of the joint. In this work, periodic permanent magnet EMATs (electromagnetic-acoustic transducers) have been employed to excite the n=o horizontally polarized shear mode of the skin at 200 kHz and 250 kHz. These modes are partially transmitted into the overlap region joined by the fastener. Spectral analysis of suitably time gated and apodized portions of the reflected waveform have allowed simulated cracks growing out of fastener holes to be detected, and preliminary sizing algorithms have been developed

Test Bed for Quantitative NDE

The ARPA/AFML Interdisciplinary Program for Quantitative Flaw Definition has demonstrated a number of new techniques for quantitatively sizing flaws, as are reported elsewhere in these proceedings. This paper describes the progress that has been made during the past year on a test bed program to assemble and demonstrate these techniques in a single integrated measurement system that will extend them from the idealized geometries that have been considered thus far to geometries that are a better approximation to those that are found in real parts. The basic system consists of a Data General Eclipse S/200 Minicomputer, a multiaxis microprocessor controller, a Biomation A/D converter, an immersion tank, and a contour following system with six degrees of freedom. The operation of the mechanical system with regard to its accuracy and repeatability will be described. In addition, a review of the conceptual design of the test bed system and experimental results for a number of different flaw geometries will be included. The Test Bed includes a piezoelectric array transducer and associated electronics. The array system will be used both for the imaging of flaws and the gathering of scattering data to use in other flaw characterization algorithms. The success of this portion of the program depends to a large extent on the availability of a suitable array transducer. Some difficulty has been met in obtaining such a transducer and the system design has been slightly modified as a result. The modified system will be described along with a review of the electronic system and an update on its current status. The extended data gathering capability of the system has been demonstrated with several diffusion bonded samples containing spherical and spheroidal voids. The noise associated with these signals is chiefly due. to the grain scattering and varies in amplitude over a wide range. The effects of this noise on the accuracy of the Inverse Born Approximation has been analyzed and the results will be summarized

Test Bed for Quantitative NDE

The ARPA/AFML Interdisciplinary Program for Quantitative Flaw Definition has demonstrated a number of new techniques for quantitatively sizing flaws, as are reported elsewhere in these proceedings. This paper describes a test bed program to assemble and demonstrate these techniques in a single integrated measurement system that will extend them from the idealized geometries that have been considered thus far to geometries that are a better approximation to those that are found in real parts. Included are discussions of the conceptual design of the system, the detailed design and construction of specific modules, and preliminary experimental results. The basic system consists of a Data General Eclipse S/200 minicomputer, a multi-axis microprocessor controller, a Biomation A/D converter, an immersion tank, and a contour following system with six degrees of freedom. A detailed description of the operation of the various components of the system will be given. Included are discussions of the conceptual design of the system, detailed design and construction of specific modules, and preliminary experimental results

Head injury from falls in children younger than 6 years of age

The risk of serious head injury (HI) from a fall in a young child is ill defined. The relationship between the object fallen from and prevalence of intracranial injury (ICI) or skull fracture is described. Method Cross-sectional study of HIs from falls in children (<6 years) admitted to UK hospitals, analysed according to the object fallen from and associated Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) or alert, voice, pain, unresponsive (AVPU) and CT scan results. Results Of 1775 cases ascertained (median age 18 months, 54.7% boys), 87% (1552) had a GCS=15/AVPU=alert. 19.3% (342) had a CT scan: 32% (110/342) were abnormal; equivalent to 5.9% of the overall population, 16.9% (58) had isolated skull fractures and 13.7% (47) had ICI (49% (23/47) had an associated skull fracture). The prevalence of ICI increased with neurological compromise; however, 12% of children with a GCS=15/AVPU=alert had ICI. When compared to falls from standing, falls from a person's arms (233 children (mean age 1 year)) had a significant relative OR for a skull fracture/ICI of 6.94 (95% CI 3.54 to 13.6), falls from a building (eg, window or attic) (mean age 3 years) OR 6.84 (95% CI 2.65 to 17.6) and from an infant or child product (mean age 21 months) OR 2.75 (95% CI 1.36 to 5.65). Conclusions Most HIs from a fall in these children admitted to hospital were minor. Infants, dropped from a carer's arms, those who fell from infant products, a window, wall or from an attic had the greatest chance of ICI or skull fracture. These data inform prevention and the assessment of the likelihood of serious injury when the object fallen from is known

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Spatial Organization and Molecular Correlation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Using Deep Learning on Pathology Images

Beyond sample curation and basic pathologic characterization, the digitized H&E-stained images of TCGA samples remain underutilized. To highlight this resource, we present mappings of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) based on H&E images from 13 TCGA tumor types. These TIL maps are derived through computational staining using a convolutional neural network trained to classify patches of images. Affinity propagation revealed local spatial structure in TIL patterns and correlation with overall survival. TIL map structural patterns were grouped using standard histopathological parameters. These patterns are enriched in particular T cell subpopulations derived from molecular measures. TIL densities and spatial structure were differentially enriched among tumor types, immune subtypes, and tumor molecular subtypes, implying that spatial infiltrate state could reflect particular tumor cell aberration states. Obtaining spatial lymphocytic patterns linked to the rich genomic characterization of TCGA samples demonstrates one use for the TCGA image archives with insights into the tumor-immune microenvironment

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN