Image_1_Mannose enhances intestinal immune barrier function and dextran sulfate sodium salt-induced colitis in mice by regulating intestinal microbiota.tif

BackgroundInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) greatly affects human quality of life. Mannose has been reported to be used to treat IBD, but the mechanism is currently unknown.MethodsC57/BL mice were used as research subjects, and the mouse acute colitis model was induced using dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS). After oral administration of mannose, the body weights and disease activity index (DAI) scores of the mice were observed. The colon lengths, histopathological sections, fecal content microbial sequencing, colon epithelial inflammatory genes, and tight junction protein Occludin-1 expression levels were measured. We further used the feces of mice that had been orally administered mannose to perform fecal bacterial transplantation on the mice with DSS-induced colitis and detected the colitis-related indicators.ResultsOral administration of mannose increased body weights and colon lengths and reduced DAI scores in mice with DSS-induced colitis. In addition, it reduced the expression of colon inflammatory genes and the levels of serum inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), further enhancing the expression level of the colonic Occludin-1 protein and alleviating the toxic response of DSS to the intestinal epithelium of the mice. In addition, gut microbial sequencing revealed that mannose increased the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora. Additionally, after using the feces of the mannose-treated mice to perform fecal bacterial transplantation on the mice with DSS-induced colitis, they showed the same phenotype as the mannose-treated mice, and both of them alleviated the intestinal toxic reaction induced by the DSS. It also reduced the expression of intestinal inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and enhanced the expression level of the colonic Occludin-1 protein.ConclusionMannose can treat DSS-induced colitis in mice, possibly by regulating intestinal microorganisms to enhance the intestinal immune barrier function and reduce the intestinal inflammatory response.</p

Supplementary document for Evaluation of the surface topography quality of large-area diamonds by image processing and mathematical modeling - 6007737.pdf

Supplemental Documen

Manipulating the Spin State of Co Sites in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Boosting CO₂ Photoreduction

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction holds great potential for alleviating global energy and environmental issues, where the electronic structure of the catalytic center plays a crucial role. However, the spin state, a key descriptor of electronic properties, is largely overlooked. Herein, we present a simple strategy to regulate the spin states of catalytic Co centers by changing their coordination environment by exchanging the Co species into a stable Zn-based metal–organic framework (MOF) to afford Co-OAc, Co-Br, and Co-CN for CO2 photoreduction. Experimental and DFT calculation results suggest that the distinct spin states of the Co sites give rise to different charge separation abilities and energy barriers for CO2 adsorption/activation in photocatalysis. Consequently, the optimized Co-OAc with the highest spin-state Co sites presents an excellent photocatalytic CO2 activity of 2325.7 μmol·g–1·h–1 and selectivity of 99.1% to CO, which are among the best in all reported MOF photocatalysts, in the absence of a noble metal and additional photosensitizer. This work underlines the potential of MOFs as an ideal platform for spin-state manipulation toward improved photocatalysis

<i>GmCPDs</i> restore hypocotyl elongation of CPD-deficient Arabidopsis mutants in both light and darkness.

<p>(<b>A and B</b>) Morphologies of the five-day-old seedlings grown in darkness (<b>A</b>) and light (<b>B</b>). Col-0: wild type plants, <i>cpd-91</i>: CPD-deficient mutant, <i>GmCPD1</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD1</i>, <i>GmCPD2</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD2</i>, <i>GmCPD3</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD3</i>, <i>GmCPD4</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD4</i>, Bar = 10 mm; (<b>C and D</b>) Average hypocotyl length of seedlings in darkness (<b>C</b>) and light (<b>D</b>). The data represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. The asterisks indicate significant differences compared to the <i>cpd-91</i> mutant (<b>**</b>, <i>P</i> < 0.01 by the <i>t</i>-test).</p

Complementation of late-flowering phenotype, expression pattern during flowering and effects on flowering related gene were indicated the roles of <i>CPD</i> in Arabidopsis flowering.

<p>(<b>A and B</b>) Flowering time analysis among wild type (Col-0), CPD-deficient mutant (<i>cpd-91</i>) and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Comparison of the days to flowering (<b>A</b>) and the rosette leaf number (<b>B</b>) at anthesis; (<b>C</b>) The expression pattern of Arabidaopsis <i>FLOWERING LOCUS T</i> (<i>AtFT</i>) in vegetative stage and flowering period; (<b>D</b>) The expression pattern of <i>AtCPD</i> during flowering. 1, 2 and 3 represent three developmental stages. 1: vegetative stage, two weeks after emergence; 2: flowering initiation, the time that inflorescence-bud just emerged; 3: flowering period, one week after flowering.</p

<i>GmCPDs</i> expression patterns in soybean.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Tissue-specific expression patterns of <i>GmCPDs</i> in soybean. The sampling time of each tissue is described in section 4 of the Materials and Methods (<b>B</b>) Inducible expression of four <i>GmCPD</i> genes in the soybean leaves under BR treatment. The relative expression levels are normalized to <i>GmG6PDH</i> (GenBank accession No. XM_003547631). The data represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.</p

Four <i>GmCPDs</i> complement the phenotype of an Arabidopsis CPD-deficient mutant.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Phenotype comparison of adult plants. Bar = 10 mm; Col-0: wild type plants; <i>cpd-91</i>: CPD-deficient mutant; <i>GmCPD1</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD1</i>; <i>GmCPD2</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD2</i>; <i>GmCPD3</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD3</i>; <i>GmCPD4</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD4</i>; (<b>B</b>) RT-PCR analysis to detect <i>GmCPD</i> genes using specific primers described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118476#pone.0118476.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a> with <i>AtACTIN2</i> (GenBank accession No. AT3G18780) as a reference gene.</p

The variation in the length of root, hypocotyl and petiole showing different brassinosteroid (BR) responses in the wild type (Col-0), CPD-deficient mutant (<i>cpd-91</i>) and transgenic Arabidopsis plants.

<p>(<b>A and B</b>) Phenotypes of the wild type, CPD-deficient mutant and transgenic plants in half-strength MS medium supplemented with (<b>B</b>) or without 100 nM 24-epiBL (<b>A</b>). Col-0: wild type plants, <i>cpd-91</i>: CPD-deficient mutant, <i>GmCPD1</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD1</i>, <i>GmCPD2</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD2</i>, <i>GmCPD3</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD3</i>, <i>GmCPD4</i>: 35S::<i>GmCPD4</i>. Bar = 10 mm; (<b>C</b>) Measurements of the total root length of the seedlings in the root inhibition assay; (<b>D</b>) Root length shortening after BR treatment; (<b>E</b>) Hypocotyl length of 6-day-old seedling in medium with or without 24-epiBL; (<b>F</b>) The elongation of hypocotyl after BR treatment; (<b>G</b>) Petiole length of 13-day-old seedling with or without BR treatment; (<b>H</b>) Petiole length shortening after BR treatment. The data represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. The asterisks indicate significant differences compared to the <i>cpd-91</i> mutant (<b>**</b>, <i>P</i> < 0.01 by the <i>t</i>-test).</p

Phylogenetic tree of CPD proteins by neighbor-joining method using MEGA 5.02 software.

<p>Accession numbers are as follows: AtCPD (XP_002873219), GmCPD1 (XP_003545232.1), GmCPD2 (XP_003519393.1), GmCPD3 (XP_003552845.1), GmCPD4 (XP_003538460.1), MtCPD1(XP_003616626), MtCPD2(XP_003600878), CaCPD(XP_004490985), CsCPD (XP_004149251), FvCPD (XP_004307639), PtCPD (XP_002311214), VvCPD (XP_002270553), OsCPD1 (NP_001066117), OsCPD2 (NP_001065721), BdCPD (XP_003578946), SiCPD (XP_004978643), SbCPD (XP_002450249), ZmCPD (NP_001140596).</p

The genomic location of four <i>GmCPDs</i> on soybean physical map.

<p>Distance along the vertical bars indicates the physical distance reported in the Soybase and Phytozome database. The SSR markers near to <i>GmCPDs</i> location were also labeled on the corresponding positions of chromosome.</p