Algorithm of AHD.

<p>Algorithm of AHD.</p

Architecture of CRBM.

<p>Architecture of CRBM.</p

Algorithm of HDBN.

<p>Algorithm of HDBN.</p

HDBN structure used in experiment.

<p>HDBN structure used in experiment.</p

Light Absorption and Excitation–Emission Fluorescence of Urban Organic Aerosol Components and Their Relationship to Chemical Structure

The present study used a combination of solvent and solid-phase extractions to fractionate organic compounds with different polarities from total suspended particulates in Nagoya, Japan, and their optical characteristics were obtained on the basis of their UV–visible absorption spectra and excitation–emission matrices (EEMs). The relationship between their optical characteristics and chemical structures was investigated based on high-resolution aerosol mass spectra (HR-AMS spectra), soft ionization mass spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. The major light-absorption organics were less polar organic fractions, which tended to have higher mass absorption efficiencies (MAEs) and lower wavelength dependent Ångström exponents (Å) than the more polar organic fractions. Correlation analyses indicate that organic compounds with O and N atoms may contribute largely to the total light absorption and fluorescence of the organic aerosol components. The extracts from the aerosol samples were further characterized by a classification of the EEM profiles using a PARAFAC model. Different fluorescence components in the aerosol organic EEMs were associated with specific AMS ions and with different functional groups from the FT-IR analysis. These results may be useful to determine and further classify the chromophores in atmospheric organic aerosols using EEM spectroscopy

Architecture of HDBN.

<p>Architecture of HDBN.</p

truck agents

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Comparison against the profile-based methods.

*<p>The results of HHsearch are obtained by in-house implementation of the hhsuite package.</p

The average ROC scores of the sequence-based PDT approach with different <i>β</i> values on SCOP 1.53 dataset.

<p>The average ROC scores of the sequence-based PDT approach with different <i>β</i> values on SCOP 1.53 dataset.</p

Chemical Structural Characteristics of HULIS and Other Fractionated Organic Matter in Urban Aerosols: Results from Mass Spectral and FT-IR Analysis

The chemical characteristics of complex organic matter in atmospheric aerosols remain poorly understood. Water-insoluble organic matter (WISOM) and water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in the total suspended particulates collected in the city of Nagoya in summer/early autumn and winter were extracted using multiple solvents. Two fractions of humic-like substances, showing neutral and acidic behavior (HULIS-n and HULIS-a, respectively), and the remaining highly polar part (HP-WSOM) were fractionated from WSOM using solid phase extraction. The chemical structural characteristics and concentrations of the organic matter were investigated using mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. WISOM and HULIS-n had low O/C ratios (0.1 and 0.4, respectively) and accounted for a large fraction of the organics in aerosols (70%). HULIS-a and HP-WSOM had higher O/C ratios (0.7 and 1.0, respectively), and their concentrations in summer and early autumn were on average ∼2 times higher than those in winter. The mass spectrum and FT-IR analyses suggest the following: (1) WISOM were high-molecular-weight aliphatics (primarily C₂₇–C₃₂) with small proportions of −CH₃, −OH, and CO groups; (2) HULIS-n was abundant in aliphatic structures and hydroxyl groups (primarily C₉–C₁₈) and by branched structures; (3) HULIS-a and HP-WSOM contained relatively large amounts of low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids and alcohols (primarily C₄–C₁₀); and (4) WISOM and HULIS-n were relatively abundant in amines and organic nitrates