Quercetin and allopurinol regulate renal expression of lipid metabolism-related genes protein levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>Representative Western blot results (A) and graphic presentation showed renal protein expression of rPPAR-α (B), rCPT1 (C), rACC2 (D), p-rACC2 (E) and rOCTN2 (F) in different groups of rats as indicated. Relative protein levels of rPPAR-α, rCPT1 and rACC2 were determined after normalization with rGAPDH. The relative renal BBMV rOCTN2 protein levels were normalized to rNa⁺-K⁺-ATPase. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3–4). ⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.01, ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol inhibit renal NALP3 inflammasome activation in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>Representative Western blot results (A) and graphic presentation showed renal protein expression of rNALP3 (B), rASC (C) and rCaspase-1 (D) in different groups of rats as indicated. Relative protein levels of rNALP3, rASC and rCaspase-1 were determined after normalization with rGAPDH. For rCaspase-1, the active subunit of P20 was detected. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3–4). ⁺<i>P</i><0.05, ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control. Graphic presentation of renal mRNA levels by real-time PCR analysis of rNALP3 (E), rASC (F) and rCaspase-1 (G) at 7 weeks after STZ injection in different groups of rats as indicated. The relative mRNA levels were determined after normalization with rGAPDH. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3–4). ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control. Representative Western blot results (H) and graphic presentation showed renal maturation ratio of IL-1β (I) and IL-18 (J) in different groups of rats as indicated. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 3–4). ⁺<i>P</i><0.05, ⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.01 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

The primers used for Real-Time PCR.

<p>The primers used for Real-Time PCR.</p

KEGG annotation

A KEGG pathway analysis was performed using GhostKOALA . A total of 51,698 transcripts were assigned to 8,052 KEGG ortholog group

SNP.vcf

Clean reads were firstly mapped to transcripts using Bowtie2, then SNPs were called SNPs using SAMtools. Raw SNPs with a minimum depth of 4 and minimum quality of 20 were filtered out using Vcftools (Danecek et al., 2011), and SNPs clustered within 50 bp were also filtered out. SNPs were annotated using snpEFF(http://snpeff.sourceforge.net/

Gene Ontology annotation

The sequences with significant hits in the Uniprot database or Pfam database were assigned GO terms using the Trinotate package, and the GO terms were assigned using Interproscan.72,728 transcripts were assigned to 15,107 GO terms, including 10,185 biological process terms, 1,429 cellular component terms and 3,493 molecular function terms

Quercetin and allopurinol restore basic characteristics of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 8). ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; ^*<i>P</i><0.05, ^**<i>P</i><0.01, ^***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol regulate renal urate transport-related proteins mRNA in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>Graphic presentation of renal mRNA levels by real-time PCR analysis of rOAT1 (A), rOAT3 (B), rUAT (C), rGLUT9 (D) and rRST (E) in different groups of rats as indicated. The relative mRNA levels were determined after normalization with rGAPDH. The data are expressed as the means±SEM (n = 3–4).⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.01, ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol attenuate inflammation in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>HE stain (A) analyses showed inflammatory cell infiltration and PAS-D stain (B) analyses showed kidney structures in different groups of rats. Normal control (a), STZ alone (b), STZ plus 100 mg/kg quercetin (c), STZ plus 50 mg/kg quercetin (d), STZ plus 25 mg/kg quercetin (e) and STZ plus 10 mg/kg allopurinol (f); Bar = 50 µm in Fig. 9Aa and Bar = 15 µm in Fig. 9Ba. Biochemical analyses showed serum and kidney levels of IL-1β (C, E) and IL-18 (D, F) at 7 weeks after STZ injection in different groups of rats as indicated. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 8). ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p

Quercetin and allopurinol regulate renal L-carnitine levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats.

<p>Biochemical analyses showed L-carnitine levels in serum (A) and urine (B) and kidney (C) at 7 weeks after STZ injection in different groups of rats as indicated. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 8). ⁺⁺⁺<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> normal control; *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> STZ control.</p