Analyzing Hidden Representations in End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition Systems

Neural models have become ubiquitous in automatic speech recognition systems. While neural networks are typically used as acoustic models in more complex systems, recent studies have explored end-to-end speech recognition systems based on neural networks, which can be trained to directly predict text from input acoustic features. Although such systems are conceptually elegant and simpler than traditional systems, it is less obvious how to interpret the trained models. In this work, we analyze the speech representations learned by a deep end-to-end model that is based on convolutional and recurrent layers, and trained with a connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss. We use a pre-trained model to generate frame-level features which are given to a classifier that is trained on frame classification into phones. We evaluate representations from different layers of the deep model and compare their quality for predicting phone labels. Our experiments shed light on important aspects of the end-to-end model such as layer depth, model complexity, and other design choices.Comment: NIPS 201

PEMBELAJARAN LUKIS TOTEBAG PADA MATA PELAJARAN SENI BUDAYA DI KELAS X MIA 3 SMA NEGERI 3 BOYOLALI TAHUN AJARAN 2017/2018

ABSTRAK Muhammad Fahmi Al Amiq. PEMBELAJARAN LUKIS PADA TOTEBAG DALAM MATA PELAJARAN SENI BUDAYA DI KELAS X MIA 3 SMA NEGERI 3 BOYOLALI TAHUN AJARAN 2017/2018. Skripsi, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Januari 2018. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) Proses pelaksanaan pembelajaran Lukis Totebag di kelas X MIA 3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Dan (2) Bagaimana bentuk hasil karya Lukis Totebag yang dihasilkan siswa di kelas X MIA 3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah informan yang dipilih yaitu Bapak Subandiyo S.Pd selaku guru mata pelajaran seni budaya di kelas X MIA 3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali, serta foto proses pembelajaran, hasil karya siswa dan dokumen arsip. Teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah observasi langsung, wawancara terstruktur dan mendalam, serta dokumentasi. Uji validitas data dilakukan dengan membandingkan sumber data yang di peroleh berupa daftar hasil wawancara dengan Bapak Subandiyo S.Pd selaku guru mata pelajaran Seni Budaya dengan siswa di kelas X MIA 3 SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali, serta review informant. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah model analisis mengalir, yaitu: reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Pembelajaran Lukis Totebag diawali dengan pembuatan RPP, selanjutnya pembelajaran dilaksanakan selama tiga kali pertemuan. Strategi yang digunakan guru dalam pembelajaran ini adalah pendekatan scientific. Metode pembelajaran yang digunakan meliputi metode ceramah, tanya jawab, diskusi, dan pemberian tugas. Media pembelajaran yang digunakan berupa slide power point dan media visual berupa sampel karya dari guru. Evaluasi pembelajaran dilakukan dengan menilai aspek kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik. Proses pembuatan karya dilakukan dengan beberapa langkah, yaitu membuat sketsa, proses pewarnaan, dan finishing. (2) Secara umum pembuatan karya lukis totebag siswa sudah baik, teknik lukis pada pewarnaan dan finishing dalam membuat karya lukis totebag sudah baik. Karya lukis totebag yang dihasilkan oleh siswa sudah mengandung unsur-unsur seni rupa, yaitu: garis, bentuk, bidang, gelap terang, dan warna. Selain itu, karya lukis totebag yang dihasilkan oleh siswa juga sudah mengandung prinsip-prinsip seni rupa, yaitu: irama (rhytm), dominasi (dominance), keseimbangan (balance), kesatuan (unity), keserasian (harmony), dan kesebandingan (proportion). Kata Kunci: Seni Budaya, Pembelajaran Seni Rupa, Lukis Toteba

Weighted Statistic in Detecting Faint and Sparse Alternatives for High-Dimensional Covariance Matrices

<p>This article considers testing equality of two population covariance matrices when the data dimension <i>p</i> diverges with the sample size <i>n</i> (<i>p</i>/<i>n</i> → <i>c</i> > 0). We propose a weighted test statistic that is data-driven and powerful in both faint alternatives (many small disturbances) and sparse alternatives (several large disturbances). Its asymptotic null distribution is derived by large random matrix theory without assuming the existence of a limiting cumulative distribution function of the population covariance matrix. The simulation results confirm that our statistic is powerful against all alternatives, while other tests given in the literature fail in at least one situation. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.</p

Additional file 1 of Glycosylation-related genes mediated prognostic signature contribute to prognostic prediction and treatment options in ovarian cancer: based on bulk and single‑cell RNA sequencing data

Supplementary Figure 1. Preprocessing of GSE184880 scRNA-seq data. (A) The distribution of gene expression levels, sequencing depth, the percentage of red blood cell genes, the percentage of mitochondrial genes and the percentage of ribosome genes in the 12 samples. (B) Correlation between sequencing depth and gene expression levels, the percentage of mitochondrial genes, the percentage of red blood cell genes, the percentage of ribosome genes

Straight Indium Antimonide Nanowires with Twinning Superlattices via a Solution Route

Indium antimonide (InSb) enables diverse applications in electronics and optoelectronics. However, to date, there has not been a report on the synthesis of InSb nanowires (NWs) via a solution-phase strategy. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the preparation of high-quality InSb NWs with twinning superlattices from a mild solution-phase synthetic environment from the reaction of commercial triphenylantimony with tris­(2,4-pentanedionato)-indium­(III). This reaction occurs at low temperatures from 165 to 195 °C (optimized at ∼180 °C), which is the lowest temperature reported for the growth of InSb NWs to date. Investigations reveal that the InSb NWs are grown via a solution–liquid–solid (SLS) mechanism due to the catalysis of the initially formed indium droplets in the mild solution-phase reaction system. The twinning superlattices in the InSb NWs are determined with a pseudoperiodic length of ∼42 monolayers, which result from an oscillating self-catalytic growth related to the periodical fluctuation between reduction rate of In and Sb sources in the route. The optical pump-terahertz probe spectroscopic measurement suggests that the InSb NWs have potential for applications in high-speed optoelectronic nanodevices

Kinetic Growth of Ultralong Metastable Zincblende MnSe Nanowires Catalyzed by a Fast Ionic Conductor via a Solution–Solid–Solid Mechanism

The metastable semiconductor phase allows for the exploration of unusual properties and functionalities of abnormal structures, although it is often difficult to prevent thermodynamic transformations to lower energy structures from higher, unfavored energy states. Here, we show for the first time the preparation of high-quality ultralong metastable zincblende (ZB)–MnSe nanowires with a four-coordinate structure via solution–solid–solid (SSS) growth in a mild solution-phase synthetic environment (120–220 °C) in the presence of a trace amount of Ag­(I). The metastable ZB-MnSe nanowires are stabilized kinetically due to the catalysis of early formed body-centered cubic (<i>bcc</i>) fast-ionic (superionic) Ag₂Se nanocrystals from the Ag­(I) source, and the ZB-MnSe nanowires grow epitaxially along the ⟨110⟩ axis rather than the ⟨111⟩ axis, as commonly observed for typical four-coordinate Grimm–Sommerfeld bonding solids. Our method provides a new route for the growth of metastable nanostructures

Mean values of mean velocity with standard error.

<p>(A) for saccades to left, saccades to right, divergence and convergence, (B) for combined convergent movements and (C) for combined divergent movements under the three experimental conditions: no-TMS, TMS over the right FEF and TMS over the left FEF.</p

Mean values of latency with standard error.

<p>(A) for saccades to left, saccades to right, divergence and convergence, (B) for combined convergent movements and (C) for combined divergent movements (C) under the three experimental conditions: no-TMS, TMS over the right FEF and TMS over the left FEF. Asterisks indicate significant increases of latency after TMS over left or right FEF relative to no-TMS (p<0.05).</p

Mean values of percentage of TMS effects in latency, (TMS-noTMS)/noTMS.

<p>(A) TMS of right FEF and (B) TMS of left FEF for divergence, saccades, convergence, and saccade components, convergence components and divergence components of combined movements under the conditions of TMS over the right or the left FEF. Such value is higher for divergence than for any other types of eye movements.</p

Experimental paradigms.

<p>(a) Different types of eye movements elicited; saccades, convergence and divergence along the median plane, and combined convergent or divergent movements. (b) Events during a trial of the paradigm for memory-guided eye movements. (c) Typical recordings of saccades (conjugate signal in black and disconjugate signal in grey), convergence and combined convergent movements; the conjugate signal (saccade or saccade component) is obtained by averaging the position signal of the two eyes (LE+RE)/2; the disconjugate signal (convergence, convergence component) is the difference between the two signals LE-RE. The arrows at ‘<i>i</i>’ and at ‘<i>e</i>’ indicate the onset and the end of movements, respectively.</p