CLSM images of 3-day <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> biofilms.

2D images of: A) Untreated control, B) 1-min argon+1% oxygen plasma treatment, C) 5-min argon+1% oxygen plasma treatment; 3D images of: D) Untreated control, E) 1-min argon+1% oxygen plasma treatment, F) 5-min argon+1% oxygen plasma treatment.</p

Experiment illustrations.

A) sketch of the plasma brush, B) Experimental flow chart of the direct plasma destruction on biofilms, C) Experimental flow chart of the biofilm recovery after plasma treatment.</p

Antibiotic susceptibility results from (A) MTT assay and (B) CFU counting assay for untreated and 1-min argon+1% oxygen plasma treated 3-day <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> biofilms.

* denotes the statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with the control groups without amoxicillin application (0 μg/ml). # denotes the statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between untreated controls and plasma treated groups.</p

CFU counting assay results of argon+1% oxygen plasma destruction of 3-day and 5-day <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> biofilms.

* denotes the statistically significant difference compared with the untreated control groups with p < 0.05. # denotes the statistically significant difference between 3-day and 5-day biofilms with p < 0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test. denotes the statistically significant differences among different treatment times of 3-day biofilms with p<0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test. denotes the statistically significant differences among different treatment times of 5-day biofilms with p < 0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test.</p

MTT assay results of the change of survival percentage of 3-day <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> biofilms with plasma treatment time.

* denotes statistically significant difference compared with the control group with p < 0.05. Treatment time of 0 minutes represents the untreated control group.</p

Fig 10 -

Biofilm recovery results under oxidative stress of paraquat from (A) MTT assay and (B) CFU counting assay for untreated and 1-min argon+1% oxygen plasma treated 3-day P. gingivalis biofilms. * denote the statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with the control groups without paraquat treatment. # denotes the statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between untreated controls and plasma treated groups. denotes the statistically significant differences among different paraquat doses for non-plasma treated biofilms with p < 0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test. denotes the statistically significant differences among different paraquat doses for plasma treated biofilms with p < 0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test.</p

CFU counting results of plasma destruction of 3-day <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> biofilms after different plasma treatment times.

Treatment time of 0 minutes represents the untreated control group. * denotes statistically significant difference compared with the control group with p<0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test. denotes the statistically significant differences among different treatment times of pure argon plasma with p<0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test. denotes the statistically significant differences among different treatment times of argon+1% oxygen plasma with p<0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test.</p

MTT assay results of plasma destruction of 5-day <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> biofilms.

* denotes statistically significant difference compared with the control group with p < 0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test. # denotes statistically significant difference between pure argon plasma and argon+1% oxygen plasma treatments with p < 0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test. denotes the statistically significant differences among different treatment times of argon+1% oxygen plasma with p < 0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test.</p

Biofilm recovery results under oxidative stress of H₂O₂ from (A) MTT assay and (B) CFU counting assay for untreated and 1-min argon+1% oxygen plasma treated 3-day <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> biofilms.

* denote the statistically significant difference (p 2O2 treatment. # denotes the statisticall significant difference (p 2O2 doses for non-plasma treated biofilms with p 2O2 doses for plasma treated biofilms with p < 0.05 according to ANOVA Tukey test.</p

Bacterial recovery results from (A) MTT assay and (B) CFU counting assay for untreated and 1-min argon+1% oxygen plasma treated 3-day <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> biofilms.

Bacterial recovery results from (A) MTT assay and (B) CFU counting assay for untreated and 1-min argon+1% oxygen plasma treated 3-day P. gingivalis biofilms.</p