Table_1_Uncovering Key Metabolic Determinants of the Drug Interactions Between Trimethoprim and Erythromycin in Escherichia coli.XLSX

Understanding interactions between antibiotics used in combination is an important theme in microbiology. Using the interactions between the antifolate drug trimethoprim and the ribosome-targeting antibiotic erythromycin in Escherichia coli as a model, we applied a transcriptomic approach for dissecting interactions between two antibiotics with different modes of action. When trimethoprim and erythromycin were combined, the transcriptional response of genes from the sulfate reduction pathway deviated from the dominant effect of trimethoprim on the transcriptome. We successfully altered the drug interaction from additivity to suppression by increasing the sulfate level in the growth environment and identified sulfate reduction as an important metabolic determinant that shapes the interaction between the two drugs. Our work highlights the potential of using prioritization of gene expression patterns as a tool for identifying key metabolic determinants that shape drug-drug interactions. We further demonstrated that the sigma factor-binding protein gene crl shapes the interactions between the two antibiotics, which provides a rare example of how naturally occurring variations between strains of the same bacterial species can sometimes generate very different drug interactions.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Uncovering Key Metabolic Determinants of the Drug Interactions Between Trimethoprim and Erythromycin in Escherichia coli.docx

Understanding interactions between antibiotics used in combination is an important theme in microbiology. Using the interactions between the antifolate drug trimethoprim and the ribosome-targeting antibiotic erythromycin in Escherichia coli as a model, we applied a transcriptomic approach for dissecting interactions between two antibiotics with different modes of action. When trimethoprim and erythromycin were combined, the transcriptional response of genes from the sulfate reduction pathway deviated from the dominant effect of trimethoprim on the transcriptome. We successfully altered the drug interaction from additivity to suppression by increasing the sulfate level in the growth environment and identified sulfate reduction as an important metabolic determinant that shapes the interaction between the two drugs. Our work highlights the potential of using prioritization of gene expression patterns as a tool for identifying key metabolic determinants that shape drug-drug interactions. We further demonstrated that the sigma factor-binding protein gene crl shapes the interactions between the two antibiotics, which provides a rare example of how naturally occurring variations between strains of the same bacterial species can sometimes generate very different drug interactions.</p

H531R rpoB mutant RNA-Seq

BAM files: RNA-Seq data for 2 biological replicates (BR) of the rifampin-resistant H531R rpoB mutant evolved from the PAO1::mini-Tn7-pLAC-lux ancestral strai

D521G rpoB mutant RNA-Seq

BAM files: RNA-Seq data for two biological replicates (BR) of the rifampin-resistant D521G rpoB mutant, which was evolved from the PAO1::mini-Tn7-pLAC-lux ancestral strai

PAO1::mini-Tn7-pLAC-lux ancestral strain RNA-Seq

BAM files: RNA-Seq data for two biological replicates (BR) of the rifampin-sensitive PAO1::mini-Tn7-pLAC-lux ancestral strain

The relation between continuous cash dividends, ownership concentration and firm value.

The relation between continuous cash dividends, ownership concentration and firm value.</p

Effect of continuous cash dividends on the relation between ownership concentration and firm value.

Effect of continuous cash dividends on the relation between ownership concentration and firm value.</p

S1 File -

(RAR)</p

Firm value from 2009 to 2017.

Firm value from 2009 to 2017.</p

Endogeneity of ownership concentration and firm value: Using OWN_{i, t-1} as instrument variable.

Endogeneity of ownership concentration and firm value: Using OWNi, t-1 as instrument variable.</p