An investigation into the use of fluidic devices as gas fuel injectors for natural gas engines

A novel gas fuel injector system based on the use of monostable fluidic devices is described in this paper. The proposed system consists of non-moving-part fluidic devices which are capable of operating in a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) control mode and of handling a large amount of gas flow for engine operations. The system also includes an electro-fluidic interface for fluidic switching and air-gas mixing nozzles for better mixing quality. Two prototype fluidic injector units were produced and their steady-state and dynamic characteristics were evaluated on a laboratory test rig. The results were compared with those from several commercial gas injectors and it was found that the fluidic injector has a faster dynamic response and a smaller cycle-cycle variations

Theoretical and experimental study of a fluidic device as a fuel injector for natural gas engines

A novel fluidic gaseous fuel injector, designed for natural gas engines, has been tested and analysed in this paper. The injector is based on the use of a mono-stable fluidic amplifier. Its steady state and dynamic characteristics were tested and compared with several commercial solenoid gas injectors on a laboratory test rig. The results show that the fluidic gas injector is able to handle the large gas flowrates required by natural gas engines with a faster switching response and higher injection stability. Also, the steady state attachment and dynamic switching response of the jet flow in the fluidic amplifier were analysed by a mathematical simulation model. The agreement between predicted and experimental results is shown to be good

Self-Assembly of 2D Lanthanide-Metal Coordination Polymers Based on 5-Nitroisophthalic Acid Linker: Synthesis, Structures, and Luminescence

<div><p>Three 2D novel lanthanide-based metallic coordination frameworks involving the 5-nitroisophthalic acid ligand were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, namely, [Er(NIPH)₂(H₂O)₂](H₂O)₂<b>(1)</b>, [Eu₄(NIPH)₆(H₂O)₈](H₂O)₅<b>(2),</b> and [Eu₄(NIPH)₆(H₂O)₆](H₂O)₄<b>(3)</b>, synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, self-assemble through Ln₂[NIPH]₂ building blocks to give a 2D coordination layer structure. The adjacent layers stack to form a 3D supramolecular framework through weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, π–π interactions, and lone pair-π interactions. However, in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> formed 2D 4-connected (4,4) topological network. In addition, in this work the photoluminescent property of the compound <b>3</b> has been studied.</p></div

Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrafine and Porous Structure of Magnesium Ferrite Nanospheres

Porous sphere-shaped magnesium (MgFe2 O4 ) spinel ferrite particles were synthesized with high yields, crystallinity and purity through an easy, quick, reproducible and low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis route starting from an aqueous suspension of coprecipitated metal oxalates. The structural and morphological properties of the prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and N2 adsorption–desorption measurement. Results show that the obtained MgFe2 O4 particles are nearly spherical in shape and about 100-250 nm in mean diameter. Every magnetic microsphere is made of many ultrafine MgFe2 O4 nanoparticles and porous in structure. The obtained sphere-shaped products exhibited a saturation magnetization of 70.25 emu/g and a coercivity of 326.41 Oe at room temperature

Probing Anomalous Inelastic Scattering in Spin-ice Ho2_2Ti2_2O7_7 through Resonant Raman Spectroscopy

We report on a study of the inelastic scattering properties of (001) and (111) Ho$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7$ single crystals at room temperature. Structural and compositional analysis along with absorption measurement confirms single crystalline phase of all samples. Room temperature polarized Raman measurements were performed on crystals in non-resonant and two different resonant conditions by using six different laser excitation lines. Lorentzian model fitting analysis is performed on all measured spectra in order to identify the difference in the Raman scattering cross-section in resonant and non-resonant conditions. Variations in the fitting parameters on account of different polarization configurations and crystallographic orientations has helped identifying their symmetry if present. Several possible scattering pathways are discussed in order to qualitatively explain the anomalous scattering results in Ho$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7

Metabolites from the co-culture of nigranoic acid and <i>Umbelopsis dimorpha</i> SWUKD3.1410, an endophytic fungus from <i>Kadsura angustifolia</i>

<p>The ability of the endophytic fungus <i>Umbelopsis dimorpha</i> SWUKD3.1410 to transform the triterpene nigranoic acid (3, 4-secocycloarta-4(28), 24-(<i>Z</i>)-diene-3, 26-dioic acid; <b>1</b>) was investigated. Co-culture of nigranoic acid with <i>U. dimorpha</i> SWUKD3.1410 yielded six major products, including a new triterpene (<b>2</b>) and 5 known compounds (<b>3</b>–<b>7</b>). Their structures were identified by the extensive 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS Data analysis, and by comparison with those reported data. Among them, <b>2</b>–<b>4</b> were transformed from nigranoic acid (<b>1</b>), while <b>5</b>–<b>7</b> were derived from the culture medium stimulated by the substrate. On the basis of the structures of <b>2</b>–<b>4</b>, it was proposed that the transformative process probably involved isomerase and hydroxylase, in which the former was rare in fungi. Additionally, all the compounds (<b>1</b>–<b>7</b>) were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity. As a result, compounds <b>1</b>, <b>3</b>–<b>5</b> exhibited weak cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines, while others showed no cytotoxicity.</p