Growth and Yield Performance of Upland and Lowland Rice Varieties Under Narrow-Wide Row Planting Systems in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Appropriate plant spacing and new superior rice varieties are essential factors in achieving high yields. This study aimed to evaluate rice varieties and jajar legowo planting systems that increase growth and yield during the dry season in East Nusa Tenggara. The research was arranged in a split plot in a randomized complete block design with two replications. The rice varieties (main plot) consisted of upland rice (Inpago 8 and Inpago 12) and lowland rice (Inpari 32 and Ciherang). The planting systems (sub-plot) consisted of a square system 20 cm × 20 cm, jajar legowo 2:1 (30 – 60) cm × 15 cm, jajar legowo 2:1 (25 – 50) cm × 12.5 cm, jajar legowo 2:1 (20 – 40) cm × 10 cm, and jajar legowo 4:1 (20 – 40) cm × 10 cm. The results indicated that Inpago 12 planted with the jajar legowo 2:1 (25 – 50) cm × 12.5 cm resulted in higher growth and yield than those planted with the square system. All tested varieties were not significantly different, while the planting systems were statistically different. The planting system of jajar legowo 2:1 (25 – 50) cm × 12.5 cm obtained higher growth and yield than other planting systems

Roles and optimisation rate of potassium fertiliser for immature oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) on an Ultisol soil in Indonesia

Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient needed in large amounts by oil palm as it is directly involved in physiological processes. This research focused on the influence of K fertiliser on the vegetative growth of oil palm and determined the optimum rate of K fertiliser for immature plants (aged 1 to 3 years). The study was conducted at IPB-Cargill Oil Palm Teaching Farm, Jonggol, Bogor, Indonesia, from March 2013 to March 2016. The application rates were 0, 196, 392, 588, and 784 g K_2O plant^(−1) year^(−1) during the first year; 0, 384, 768, 1152, and 1536 g K_2O plant^(−1) year^(−1) during the second year; and 0, 450, 900, 1350, and 1800 g K_2O plant^(−1) year^(−1) during the third year of the immature oil palms. This experiment used a randomized complete block design with three replications. The optimum fertiliser rate was calculated by differentiating the regression equation of the quadratic response curve for variable growth. Potassium fertiliser significantly affected plant morphology, and increased plant height, stem girth, frond number, frond length, and leaf area of frond 17. Potassium application also significantly increased chlorophyll content, stomatal density, and K nutrient content of the leaves of immature oil palm. The optimum K fertilizer rate for 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old immature oil palm was 512, 966, and 1430 g K_2O plant^(−1) year^(−1), respectively. Application of K fertiliser provided the amount of K needed to support oil palm growth

Evaluasi Mutu Fisikokimia Beras Hasil Persilangan antara Empat Padi Varietas Unggul dan Padi Liar (Oryza glaberrima dan O. rufipogon)

The physicochemical quality of rice is evaluated to ensure that it is fit for consumption and meets established quality standards. This study aims to analyze the physicochemical properties of rice strains resulting from crosses between four high-yielding varieties of rice and two wild rices so that the appropriate genotype is obtained for the development of quality rice. The research was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020 at the Quality Laboratory, Muara Experimental Garden, Rice Research Center, Bogor. The rice genotypes used were 22 strains resulting from crosses between high-yielding varieties of rice (Ciherang, Inpari 13, Inpari 10, and Situ Bagendit), and wild rice (Oryza glaberrima and O. rufipogon), 4 comparison varieties of crossbred elders, and two comparison varieties of organoleptic tests (Memberamo and IR42). Physical and chemical qualities were observed in terms of grain moisture content, grain density, broken skin rice yield, milled rice yield, head rice yield, rice length, rice shape, and rice liming, amylose content, gelatinization temperature, and organoleptic. The results showed that the strains 44-F-C21, 58-F-C21, and 59-F-C21 provided fairly good rice quality with head rice yields above 80% and higher than their respective elders (Situ Bagendit and Ciherang), and water content below 14%. These strains had characteristic characteristics, namely medium rice form, amylose content of 26.38%, and alkali score of 2-3. Most of these genotypes also exhibited high gelatinization temperatures, medium rice texture, and savory rice flavors. The genotype selected from the results of crosses between high-yielding varieties of rice and wild rice has the potential to be developed because there are genetic improvements from its elders on several physicochemical characteristics of rice.   Keywords: amylose content; gelatinization temperature; physicochemical properties; rice lines; wild ric

Optimasi Pupuk Kalium dan Magnesium pada Tanaman Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Belum Menghasilkan Umur Tiga Tahun

Aplikasi pupuk dengan dosis yang tepat sangat penting dilakukan pada tanaman kelapa sawit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari respons morfologi, fisiologi, dan produksi serta menentukan dosis optimum pupuk K dan Mg pada tanaman kelapa sawit TBM 3. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Pendidikan dan Penelitian Kelapa Sawit Jonggol IPB-Cargill, Kecamatan Jonggol, Kabupaten Bogor dari bulan September 2015 sampai Maret 2016. Penelitian terdiri atas dua percobaan terpisah dengan menggunakan satu faktor Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT). Percobaan optimasi pupuk K (percobaan 1) terdiri atas 5 taraf (0, 225, 450, 675, dan 900 g K2O tanaman-1 semester-1) dengan 3 ulangan, sedangkan percobaan optimasi pupuk Mg (percobaan 2) terdiri atas 4 taraf (0, 62,5, 125, dan 250 g MgO tanaman-1 semester-1) dengan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan pupuk kalium meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman secara kuadratik terhadap panjang pelepah ke-17. Dosis optimum pupuk kalium adalah 594 g K2O tanaman-1 semester-1. Perlakuan pupuk magnesium tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap peubah morfologi, fisiologi, dan produksi tanaman kelapa sawit TBM 3

Optimasi Pupuk Nitrogen, Fosfor, dan Kalium pada Tanaman Kelapa Sawit Menghasilkan Umur Empat Tahun

Pemupukan merupakan salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan produktivitas kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh pupuk nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), dan kalium (K) serta menentukan dosis optimum pupuk N, P, dan K pada tanaman kelapa sawit umur empat tahun (TM 1). Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Pendidikan dan Penelitian Kelapa Sawit IPB-Cargill, Jonggol, Bogor dari bulan Maret 2016 sampai Maret 2017. Penelitian ini terdiri atas tiga percobaan terpisah yaitu optimasi dosis pupuk N (percobaan 1), optimasi dosis pupuk P (percobaan 2), dan optimasi dosis pupuk K (percobaan 3) pada tanaman kelapa sawit umur empat tahun (TM 1). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan pada masing-masing percobaan yaitu satu faktor rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) yang terdiri atas lima taraf perlakuan dengan tiga kali ulangan. Taraf perlakuan yang digunakan pada percobaan dosis N yaitu 0, 726.25, 1 452.5, 2 178.75, dan 2 905 g N tanaman-1 tahun-1. Taraf perlakuan yang digunakan pada percobaan dosis P yaitu 0, 443.75, 887.5, 1 331.25, dan 1 775 g P2O5 tanaman-1 tahun-1. Taraf perlakuan yang digunakan pada percobaan dosis K yaitu 0, 1 020.6, 2 041.2, 3 061.8, dan 4 082.4 g K2O tanaman-1 tahun-1. Pupuk N berpengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman, lingkar batang, luas daun, biomassa, stok karbon, serapan CO2, tingkat kehijauan daun, kerapatan stomata, kandungan N daun, jumlah tandan buah segar (TBS), dan produktivitas, tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertambahan pelepah, panjang pelepah, dan bobot TBS rata-rata. Dosis optimum pupuk N yaitu 1 632 ± 207 g N tanaman-1 tahun-1. Produktivitas kelapa sawit meningkat sebesar 4.9 ton TBS ha-1 tahun-1 dengan aplikasi pupuk N sebesar 1 632 g N tanaman-1 tahun-1 (34.89% lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol). Pupuk P berpengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman, lingkar batang, biomassa, stok karbon, serapan CO2, kerapatan stomata, kandungan P daun, jumlah TBS, dan produktivitas, tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertambahan pelepah, panjang pelepah, luas daun, tingkat kehijauan daun, dan bobot TBS rata-rata. Dosis optimum pupuk P yaitu 924 ± 88 g P2O5 tanaman-1 tahun-1. Produktivitas kelapa sawit meningkat sebesar 6.7 ton TBS ha-1 tahun-1 akibat aplikasi pupuk P dengan dosis 924 g P2O5 tanaman-1 tahun-1 (48.63% lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol). Pupuk K berpengaruh terhadap lingkar batang, luas daun, biomassa, stok karbon, serapan CO2, kerapatan stomata, kandungan K daun, jumlah TBS, dan produktivitas, tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman, pertambahan pelepah, panjang pelepah, tingkat kehijauan daun, dan bobot TBS rata-rata. Dosis optimum pupuk K yaitu 2 760 ± 107 g K2O tanaman-1 tahun-1. Produktivitas kelapa sawit meningkat sebesar 7.6 ton TBS ha-1 tahun-1 akibat aplikasi pupuk K dengan dosis 2 760 g K2O tanaman-1 tahun-1 (56.33% lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol)

Roles and optimisation rate of potassium fertiliser for immature oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) on an Ultisol soil in Indonesia

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Roles and optimisation rate of potassium fertiliser for immature oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) on an Ultisol soil in Indonesia

Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient needed in large amounts by oil palm as it is directly involved in physiological processes. This research focused on the influence of K fertiliser on the vegetative growth of oil palm and determined the optimum rate of K fertiliser for immature plants (aged 1 to 3 years). The study was conducted at IPB-Cargill Oil Palm Teaching Farm, Jonggol, Bogor, Indonesia, from March 2013 to March 2016. The application rates were 0, 196, 392, 588, and 784 g K_2O plant^(−1) year^(−1) during the first year; 0, 384, 768, 1152, and 1536 g K_2O plant^(−1) year^(−1) during the second year; and 0, 450, 900, 1350, and 1800 g K_2O plant^(−1) year^(−1) during the third year of the immature oil palms. This experiment used a randomized complete block design with three replications. The optimum fertiliser rate was calculated by differentiating the regression equation of the quadratic response curve for variable growth. Potassium fertiliser significantly affected plant morphology, and increased plant height, stem girth, frond number, frond length, and leaf area of frond 17. Potassium application also significantly increased chlorophyll content, stomatal density, and K nutrient content of the leaves of immature oil palm. The optimum K fertilizer rate for 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old immature oil palm was 512, 966, and 1430 g K_2O plant^(−1) year^(−1), respectively. Application of K fertiliser provided the amount of K needed to support oil palm growth

Population Development and Disease Incidence of Virus Disease Transmitted by Brown Planthopper on the Paddy Field Applied with Biofertilizers and Biopesticides

Demand for biofertilizers and biopesticides are increasing in line with rising public consent on healthy food and environmental safety. Biofertilizer and biopesticide for rice have been formulated and those necessary to be tested in the field. The objectives of this field experiment were to test the effect of the formulation on the population development of brown planthopper (BPH) - Nilaparvata lugens (Stål, 1854) and the virus they transmitted. Split-plot design experiment was conducted in the farmer paddy fields. The main plot was varieties and biofertilizer and biopesticide were used as subplot. The population of BPH and natural enemies were surveyed using sweep net. The viral infected plant was checked by using iodine-test, while virus disease symptom was observed visually parallel with population census. The results showed that BPH utilized rice nursery as refugee during pre-rice transplanting. Reproduction rate of invading generation to the first generation on the Prb and Agm treated plots were lower than other treatments. The Agm application reduced virus disease symptom during the vegetative stage and kept virus-infected lower than other treatments in the early generative stage. Inpari 42 variety has a high ability to suppress the level of viral infection to be disease symptoms. It indicated that Agm was not only function as a biofertilizer but also biopesticide and can be integrated with Inpari 42 to manage rice virus diseases transmitted by BPH.</jats:p