PRISMA flow diagram.

Flowchart of articles included in this systematic review.</p

Summary of risk factors associated with <i>S</i>. Javiana infections.

Summary of risk factors associated with S. Javiana infections.</p

Infant wheezing and prenatal antibiotic exposure and mode of delivery: a prospective birth cohort study

Introduction: Assessments on whether prenatal antibiotic exposure and mode of delivery increase the risk of wheezing in infants and toddlers are inconsistent. Our goal is to evaluate the association between prenatal antibiotic use and Cesarean section with three subtypes of wheezing in infancy. Methods: An ongoing prospective three generations cohort study provides data on prenatal antibiotic use and mode of delivery. Respective questionnaire data was used to distinguish three subtypes of wheezing: any wheezing, infectious wheezing, and noninfectious wheezing. Repeated measurements of wheezing at 3, 6, and 12 months were analyzed using generalized estimation equations. Latent transition analysis assessed patterns of infant wheezing development in the first year of life. Results: The prevalence of any wheezing was highest at 12 months (40.1%). The prevalence of infectious wheezing was higher (3 months 23.8%, 6 months 33.5%, 12 months 38.5%) than of noninfectious wheezing (3 months 13.0%, 6 months 14.0%, 12 months 11.1%). About 11–13% of children had both infectious and noninfectious wheezing at 3, 6, and 12 months (3 months 10.7%, 6 months 13.9%, 12 months 13.1%). Children born via Cesarean section have approximately a 70–80% increase in the risk of any wheezing (RR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.29–2.60) and of infectious wheezing (RR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.18–2.50). Conclusions: Analyses of infectious and noninfectious wheezing subtypes suggests that children born by Cesarean sections may be more susceptible to infectious wheezing, warranting investigations into microbial factors of infectious wheezing. No significant associations were found between prenatal antibiotic exposure and wheezing types.</p

Taxa depleted or introduced in point-of-use water with respect to corresponding source water.

<p>Taxa depleted or introduced in point-of-use water with respect to corresponding source water.</p

Dual Hierarchal dendrogram evaluation of the taxonomic classification of source and point-of-use water samples.

<p>Samples are clustered on the X-axis and labeled based upon the water source types. Samples with more similar microbial populations are mathematically clustered closer together. The genera (consortium) are used for clustering. Thus the samples with more similar consortium of bacterial genera cluster closer together with the length of connecting lines (top of heatmap) related to the similarity, shorter lines between two samples indicate closely matched bacterial consortium. The heatmap represents the relative percentages of each bacterial genus. The predominant genera are represented along the right Y-axis. The legend for the heatmap is provided in the upper left corner.</p

PCoA analysis of the microbiome of each water sample based upon UniFrac method.

<p>Different colored symbols are indicative of the different major source and point-of-use water samples. Symbols that are closer together represent similar bacterial community compositions.</p

Relative abundance of bacterial diversity in source and point-of-use water samples at phylum level as determined by bTEFAP^®.

<p>Relative abundance of bacterial diversity in source and point-of-use water samples at phylum level as determined by bTEFAP^®.</p

Microbial Diversity of Source and Point-of-Use Water in Rural Haiti – A Pyrosequencing-Based Metagenomic Survey

<div><p>Haiti endures the poorest water and sanitation infrastructure in the Western Hemisphere, where waterborne diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality. Most of these diseases are reported to be caused by waterborne pathogens. In this study, we examined the overall bacterial diversity of selected source and point-of-use water from rural areas in Central Plateau, Haiti using pyrosequencing of 16s rRNA genes. Taxonomic composition of water samples revealed an abundance of Firmicutes phyla, followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. A total of 38 bacterial families and 60 genera were identified. The presence of several <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. (tentatively, <i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i>, <i>K</i>. <i>variicola</i> and other <i>Klebsiella</i> spp.) was detected in most water samples. Several other human pathogens such as <i>Aeromonas</i>, <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Clostridium</i>, and <i>Yersinia</i> constituted significantly higher proportion of bacterial communities in the point-of-use water samples compared to source water. Bacterial genera traditionally associated with biofilm formation, such as <i>Chryseobacterium</i>, <i>Fusobacterium</i>, <i>Prevotella</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i> were found in the point-of-use waters obtained from water filters or domestic water storage containers. Although the pyrosequencing method utilized in this study did not reveal the viability status of these pathogens, the abundance of genetic footprints of the pathogens in water samples indicate the probable risk of bacterial transmission to humans. Therefore, the importance of appropriate handling, purification, and treatment of the source water needed to be clearly communicated to the communities in rural Haiti to ensure the water is safe for their daily use and intake.</p></div

Genera listed are significantly different between the groups.

<p>Genera listed are significantly different between the groups.</p

Relative abundance of bacterial families residing in source and point-of-use water samples as determined by bTEFAP^®.

<p>Multi-colored stack bar graphs represent the relative abundance of bacterial family in each sample.</p