The distribution of contig and unigene sequence lengths.

<p>The distribution of contig and unigene sequence lengths.</p

The distribution of <i>C. nankingense</i> unigenes among the GO functional classes.

<p>From left to right, “Biological process” (shown in <i>blue</i>): biological adhesion, biological regulation, cell killing, cellular component organization or biogenesis, cellular process, death, developmental process, establishment of localization, growth, immune system process, localization, locomotion, metabolic process, multi-organism process, multicellular organismal process, negative regulation of biological process, pigmentation, positive regulation of biological process, regulation of biological process, reproduction, reproductive process, response to stimulus, rhythmic process, signaling, viral reproduction; “Cellular components” (shown in <i>red</i>): cell, cell junction, cell part, extracellular region, extracellular region part, macromolecular complex, membrane-enclosed lumen, organelle, organelle part, virion; “Molecular function” (shown in <i>green</i>): antioxidant activity, binding, catalytic activity, enzyme regulator activity, molecular transducer activity, protein binding transcription factor activity, receptor activity, transporter activity.</p

UPGMA-based phylogeny of <i>Chrysanthemum</i> spp. and species belonging to closely related genera.

<p>The tree was derived from genotype data from 20 EST-SSR loci. (A–F) Six clades were recognized.</p

Functional classification of the <i>C. nankingense</i> unigenes according to COG criteria.

<p>Functional classification of the <i>C. nankingense</i> unigenes according to COG criteria.</p

Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Sinapyl Alcohol Acyltransferase from Euphorbia lathyris L.

Methoxyeugenol is a phenylpropene compound derived from plants and has various bioactivities. The chemical synthesis of methoxyeugenol is accompanied by pollution issues, whereas extraction from plants is associated with problems such as low yield and high cost. The production of methoxyeugenol can be effectively addressed through an enzymatic approach. In this study, the acyltransferase genes of Euphorbia lathyris L. were screened by homologous alignment of the transcriptome data of E. lathyris in the late growth stage and the acyltransferase genes of the closely related plant species. The results showed that ElBAHD10 had the closest relationship with earlier reported ScCFAT and PhCFAT, which were found to catalyze the reaction of coniferyl alcohol to generate coniferyl acetate. The ElBAHD10 gene was successfully cloned from E. lathyris and subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified protein ElBAHD10 catalyzed the reaction of sinapyl alcohol with acetyl CoA and cinnamoyl CoA to form sinapyl acetate and sinapyl cinnamate, respectively. In contrast, the crude ElBAHD10 protein could catalyze sinapyl alcohol to directly generate methoxyeugenol. The recombinant E. coli strain expressing ElBAHD10 produced methoxyeugenol through whole-cell transformation. This study provides insights and lays the foundation for methoxyeugenol production through biosynthetic approaches

Next-Generation Sequencing of the <i>Chrysanthemum nankingense</i> (Asteraceae) Transcriptome Permits Large-Scale Unigene Assembly and SSR Marker Discovery

<div><p>Background</p><p>Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes. <i>Chrysanthemum</i> is one of the largest genera in the Asteraceae family. Only few <i>Chrysanthemum</i> expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences have been acquired to date, so the number of available EST-SSR markers is very low.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>Illumina paired-end sequencing technology produced over 53 million sequencing reads from <i>C. nankingense</i> mRNA. The subsequent <i>de novo</i> assembly yielded 70,895 unigenes, of which 45,789 (64.59%) unigenes showed similarity to the sequences in NCBI database. Out of 45,789 sequences, 107 have hits to the <i>Chrysanthemum</i> Nr protein database; 679 and 277 sequences have hits to the database of <i>Helianthus</i> and <i>Lactuca</i> species, respectively. MISA software identified a large number of putative EST-SSRs, allowing 1,788 primer pairs to be designed from the <i>de novo</i> transcriptome sequence and a further 363 from archival EST sequence. Among 100 primer pairs randomly chosen, 81 markers have amplicons and 20 are polymorphic for genotypes analysis in <i>Chrysanthemum</i>. The results showed that most (but not all) of the assays were transferable across species and that they exposed a significant amount of allelic diversity.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>SSR markers acquired by transcriptome sequencing are potentially useful for marker-assisted breeding and genetic analysis in the genus <i>Chrysanthemum</i> and its related genera.</p></div

SSR genotypes of species within the genera Chrysanthemum, Leucanthemella, Ajania, Artemisia, Opisthopappus, Pyrethrum, Tanacetum and Crossostephium.

<p>Note: 1: Amplicon different from that of <i>C. nankingense,</i> N: No amplification, O: Amplicon indistinguisable from that of <i>C. nankingense.</i></p

Summary of sequencing output statistics.

*<p>Total Clean Nucleotides = Total Clean Reads1×Read1 size+Total Clean Reads2×Read2 size.</p

The distribution of E-value, sequence similarity, and species of data base hits with the <i>C. nankingense</i> unigenes.

<p>The distribution of E-value, sequence similarity, and species of data base hits with the <i>C. nankingense</i> unigenes.</p

SSR allelic variation among 42 commercial <i>C. morifolium</i> cultivars.

<p>(A) Single product, non-polymorphic amplicon(primer #214), (B) Two product, polymorphic amplicon (primer #86), (C) Multiple product, highly polymorphic amplicon (primer #245). Lanes 1–42: cv. ‘Zhongshanzigui’, cv. ‘Zhongshanjingui’, cv. ‘Zhongshanhongying’, cv. ‘Zhongshanaihuang’, cv. ‘Zhongshanzihe’, cv. ‘Zhongshanchengguang’, cv. ‘Zhongshanhongfeng’, cv. ‘Zhongshanhuangtuogui’, cv. ‘Zhongshanguohuang’, cv. ‘Zhongshanbailu’, cv. ‘Zhongshanfenzhuang’, cv. ‘Zhongshanzilian’, cv. Zhongshanfendai’, cv. ‘Zhongshanqueyu’, cv. ‘Zhongshanhongxia’, cv. ‘Zhongshanhuangying’, cv. ‘Zhongshanhuangyu’, cv. ‘Zhongshanjinyu’, cv. ‘Zhongshanyinxing’, cv. ‘Zhongshanzaobai’, cv. ‘Zhongshanzixing’, cv. ‘Zhongshanziyu’, cv. ‘Zhongshanfengui’, cv. ‘Zhongshanjinzhen’, cv. ‘Zhongshanxuegui’, cv. ‘Zhongshanzuirong’, cv. ‘Jinlingaihuang’, cv. ‘Jinlingbaifeng’, cv. ‘Jinlingbaixue’, cv. ‘Jinlingbaiyu’, cv. ‘Jinlingbaohui’, cv. ‘Jinlingbaoxia’, cv. ‘Jinlingchixin’, cv. ‘Jinlingchunse’, cv. ‘Jinlingfanxing’, cv. ‘Jinlingfendai’, cv. ‘Jinlingguofen’, cv. ‘Jinlingguohong’, cv. ‘Jinlingguohuang’, cv. ‘Jinlingguozi’, cv. ‘Jinlinghonghe’, cv. ‘Jinlinghongpao’.</p