Additional file 1 of Parenting styles and health in mid- and late life: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

Additional file 1

Data_Sheet_1_“We may conclude that:” a corpus-based study of stance-taking in conclusion sections of RAs across cultures and disciplines.docx

Research article conclusions form an important sub-genre in the academic community. This study aims to compare the use of stance markers in English and Chinese research article conclusions and investigate how stance markers may vary in soft and hard sciences. Based on Hyland's stance model, an analysis of stance markers over 20 years was made in two corpora, which were compiled with 180 research article conclusions in each language from four disciplines. It was found that English writers and soft science writers tended to make statements more tentatively by hedges and craft their persona more explicitly through self-mentions. However, Chinese writers and hard science writers made their claims with more certainty by boosters and showed their affective attitude more frequently through attitude markers. The results reveal how writers from different cultural backgrounds construct their stances and also unveil the disciplinary differences involved in stance-taking. It is hoped that this corpus study will inspire future research on stance-taking in the conclusion section and also help cultivate writers' genre awareness.</p

Wetting on Micropatterned Surfaces: Partial Penetration in the Cassie State and Wenzel Deviation Theoretically Explained

A liquid droplet on a micropatterned substrate equalizes into either the Cassie–Baxter (also called Cassie for short) or the Wenzel state. This paper investigates the wetting phenomena on ideal micropatterned surfaces consisting of straight micropillars at different pillar dimensions and spacings (the word “ideal” refers to being chemically homogeneous and free of submicron-scale roughness all over the micropatterned surface). Two modeling approaches are used: (1) a thermodynamic approach analyzing the Gibbs energy of the droplet–solid–gas system and (2) a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach studying the three-dimensional dynamic wetting process to validate the results of the first approach. The thermodynamic approach incorporates three creative submodels proposed in this paper: (i) a sagging model explaining the pillar edge effect, (ii) a touchdown model transitioning the droplet’s partial penetrating condition toward its full penetrating condition, i.e., the Wenzel state, and (iii) a liquid-volume model dynamically computing the liquid volume between the pillar valleys while in the partial penetrating condition or in the Wenzel state. The results of the thermodynamic approach reveal (1) a small energy barrier between the Cassie and Wenzel states, (2) no partial penetration and sagging of the liquid in the Cassie state on the ideal straight micropillared surface, and (3) that the apparent contact angle in the most stable Wenzel state can be 5° or more lower than the prediction of the Wenzel equation when the pillar height is equal or greater than 75 μm. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the theoretical explanation of this Wenzel deviation on micropatterned surfaces for the first time in the literature. Utilizing the state-of-the-art continuum model developed by the authors in previous studies, the CFD approach investigates the same wetting conditions and confirms the same findings

Wetting on Micropatterned Surfaces: Partial Penetration in the Cassie State and Wenzel Deviation Theoretically Explained

A liquid droplet on a micropatterned substrate equalizes into either the Cassie–Baxter (also called Cassie for short) or the Wenzel state. This paper investigates the wetting phenomena on ideal micropatterned surfaces consisting of straight micropillars at different pillar dimensions and spacings (the word “ideal” refers to being chemically homogeneous and free of submicron-scale roughness all over the micropatterned surface). Two modeling approaches are used: (1) a thermodynamic approach analyzing the Gibbs energy of the droplet–solid–gas system and (2) a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach studying the three-dimensional dynamic wetting process to validate the results of the first approach. The thermodynamic approach incorporates three creative submodels proposed in this paper: (i) a sagging model explaining the pillar edge effect, (ii) a touchdown model transitioning the droplet’s partial penetrating condition toward its full penetrating condition, i.e., the Wenzel state, and (iii) a liquid-volume model dynamically computing the liquid volume between the pillar valleys while in the partial penetrating condition or in the Wenzel state. The results of the thermodynamic approach reveal (1) a small energy barrier between the Cassie and Wenzel states, (2) no partial penetration and sagging of the liquid in the Cassie state on the ideal straight micropillared surface, and (3) that the apparent contact angle in the most stable Wenzel state can be 5° or more lower than the prediction of the Wenzel equation when the pillar height is equal or greater than 75 μm. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the theoretical explanation of this Wenzel deviation on micropatterned surfaces for the first time in the literature. Utilizing the state-of-the-art continuum model developed by the authors in previous studies, the CFD approach investigates the same wetting conditions and confirms the same findings

Wetting on Micropatterned Surfaces: Partial Penetration in the Cassie State and Wenzel Deviation Theoretically Explained

A liquid droplet on a micropatterned substrate equalizes into either the Cassie–Baxter (also called Cassie for short) or the Wenzel state. This paper investigates the wetting phenomena on ideal micropatterned surfaces consisting of straight micropillars at different pillar dimensions and spacings (the word “ideal” refers to being chemically homogeneous and free of submicron-scale roughness all over the micropatterned surface). Two modeling approaches are used: (1) a thermodynamic approach analyzing the Gibbs energy of the droplet–solid–gas system and (2) a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach studying the three-dimensional dynamic wetting process to validate the results of the first approach. The thermodynamic approach incorporates three creative submodels proposed in this paper: (i) a sagging model explaining the pillar edge effect, (ii) a touchdown model transitioning the droplet’s partial penetrating condition toward its full penetrating condition, i.e., the Wenzel state, and (iii) a liquid-volume model dynamically computing the liquid volume between the pillar valleys while in the partial penetrating condition or in the Wenzel state. The results of the thermodynamic approach reveal (1) a small energy barrier between the Cassie and Wenzel states, (2) no partial penetration and sagging of the liquid in the Cassie state on the ideal straight micropillared surface, and (3) that the apparent contact angle in the most stable Wenzel state can be 5° or more lower than the prediction of the Wenzel equation when the pillar height is equal or greater than 75 μm. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the theoretical explanation of this Wenzel deviation on micropatterned surfaces for the first time in the literature. Utilizing the state-of-the-art continuum model developed by the authors in previous studies, the CFD approach investigates the same wetting conditions and confirms the same findings

Wetting on Micropatterned Surfaces: Partial Penetration in the Cassie State and Wenzel Deviation Theoretically Explained

A liquid droplet on a micropatterned substrate equalizes into either the Cassie–Baxter (also called Cassie for short) or the Wenzel state. This paper investigates the wetting phenomena on ideal micropatterned surfaces consisting of straight micropillars at different pillar dimensions and spacings (the word “ideal” refers to being chemically homogeneous and free of submicron-scale roughness all over the micropatterned surface). Two modeling approaches are used: (1) a thermodynamic approach analyzing the Gibbs energy of the droplet–solid–gas system and (2) a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach studying the three-dimensional dynamic wetting process to validate the results of the first approach. The thermodynamic approach incorporates three creative submodels proposed in this paper: (i) a sagging model explaining the pillar edge effect, (ii) a touchdown model transitioning the droplet’s partial penetrating condition toward its full penetrating condition, i.e., the Wenzel state, and (iii) a liquid-volume model dynamically computing the liquid volume between the pillar valleys while in the partial penetrating condition or in the Wenzel state. The results of the thermodynamic approach reveal (1) a small energy barrier between the Cassie and Wenzel states, (2) no partial penetration and sagging of the liquid in the Cassie state on the ideal straight micropillared surface, and (3) that the apparent contact angle in the most stable Wenzel state can be 5° or more lower than the prediction of the Wenzel equation when the pillar height is equal or greater than 75 μm. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the theoretical explanation of this Wenzel deviation on micropatterned surfaces for the first time in the literature. Utilizing the state-of-the-art continuum model developed by the authors in previous studies, the CFD approach investigates the same wetting conditions and confirms the same findings

Wetting on Micropatterned Surfaces: Partial Penetration in the Cassie State and Wenzel Deviation Theoretically Explained

A liquid droplet on a micropatterned substrate equalizes into either the Cassie–Baxter (also called Cassie for short) or the Wenzel state. This paper investigates the wetting phenomena on ideal micropatterned surfaces consisting of straight micropillars at different pillar dimensions and spacings (the word “ideal” refers to being chemically homogeneous and free of submicron-scale roughness all over the micropatterned surface). Two modeling approaches are used: (1) a thermodynamic approach analyzing the Gibbs energy of the droplet–solid–gas system and (2) a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach studying the three-dimensional dynamic wetting process to validate the results of the first approach. The thermodynamic approach incorporates three creative submodels proposed in this paper: (i) a sagging model explaining the pillar edge effect, (ii) a touchdown model transitioning the droplet’s partial penetrating condition toward its full penetrating condition, i.e., the Wenzel state, and (iii) a liquid-volume model dynamically computing the liquid volume between the pillar valleys while in the partial penetrating condition or in the Wenzel state. The results of the thermodynamic approach reveal (1) a small energy barrier between the Cassie and Wenzel states, (2) no partial penetration and sagging of the liquid in the Cassie state on the ideal straight micropillared surface, and (3) that the apparent contact angle in the most stable Wenzel state can be 5° or more lower than the prediction of the Wenzel equation when the pillar height is equal or greater than 75 μm. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the theoretical explanation of this Wenzel deviation on micropatterned surfaces for the first time in the literature. Utilizing the state-of-the-art continuum model developed by the authors in previous studies, the CFD approach investigates the same wetting conditions and confirms the same findings

Wetting on Micropatterned Surfaces: Partial Penetration in the Cassie State and Wenzel Deviation Theoretically Explained

A liquid droplet on a micropatterned substrate equalizes into either the Cassie–Baxter (also called Cassie for short) or the Wenzel state. This paper investigates the wetting phenomena on ideal micropatterned surfaces consisting of straight micropillars at different pillar dimensions and spacings (the word “ideal” refers to being chemically homogeneous and free of submicron-scale roughness all over the micropatterned surface). Two modeling approaches are used: (1) a thermodynamic approach analyzing the Gibbs energy of the droplet–solid–gas system and (2) a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach studying the three-dimensional dynamic wetting process to validate the results of the first approach. The thermodynamic approach incorporates three creative submodels proposed in this paper: (i) a sagging model explaining the pillar edge effect, (ii) a touchdown model transitioning the droplet’s partial penetrating condition toward its full penetrating condition, i.e., the Wenzel state, and (iii) a liquid-volume model dynamically computing the liquid volume between the pillar valleys while in the partial penetrating condition or in the Wenzel state. The results of the thermodynamic approach reveal (1) a small energy barrier between the Cassie and Wenzel states, (2) no partial penetration and sagging of the liquid in the Cassie state on the ideal straight micropillared surface, and (3) that the apparent contact angle in the most stable Wenzel state can be 5° or more lower than the prediction of the Wenzel equation when the pillar height is equal or greater than 75 μm. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the theoretical explanation of this Wenzel deviation on micropatterned surfaces for the first time in the literature. Utilizing the state-of-the-art continuum model developed by the authors in previous studies, the CFD approach investigates the same wetting conditions and confirms the same findings

Changes of heavy metals in soil and wheat grain under long-term environmental impact and fertilization practices in North China

We evaluated the effects of long-term fertilization on heavy metals in soil and wheat grain under no-fertilizer control (CK), nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers (NPK), NPK plus straw (NPKS), and NPK plus manure (NPKM) treatments. Total lead (Pb) significantly increased in the CK over the initial soil. All fertilization treatments increased soil total arsenic (As) than CK, and the NPKM increased total cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) than NPK. All fertilization treatments increased soil available As and Cd than CK, and the NPKM increased available As and chromium (Cr) than NPK. The NPKS decreased grain As, Cd, Cu, and bran Cr, Zn, and Pb; but the NPKM increased grain Cr, Pb, and bran As, and Cu than NPK. Under current manure fertilization systems, the maximum bearing year of soil for As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and nickel (Ni) was 1136, 2990, 694, 1530, 910, and 1555 years, respectively.</p