Language management in literary events mediated by a Japanese native speakers : Analysis of the interaction in a shopping situation

千葉大学社会文化科学研究科研究プロジェクト報告書第104集『接触場面の言語管理研究vol.3』所

Data on Total Admissions and Opt Out Voluntary HIV Testing (January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010).

<p>Data on Total Admissions and Opt Out Voluntary HIV Testing (January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010).</p

Comparison of various HIV screening tests conducted in Singapore.

<p>A : January 2007 to December 2007: Action For AIDS (AFA)- Anonymous Testing Site⁶ : [MSM-5.7%, Heterosexual male-0.8%, Heterosexual female- 0.4%].</p><p>B: January 2009 to December 2010.</p><p>TTSH- Routine Voluntary Opt Out Inpatient HIV testing Program (This study).</p><p>C: January 2010 to December 2010 to Antenatal Screening From acute public hospitals and polyclinics (Data from Communicable Disease Division, MOH, Singapore 2010).</p

Reasons cited for opting out of HIV Screening Test.

*<p> <b>Other reasons cited include: fear of results, family objected, wants to resolve current medical illness first, deemed low risk.</b></p

Characteristics of HIV Patients diagnosed through Screening Program.

∧<p>Medical comorbidities include: hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, depression, gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic hepatitis B, alcoholic liver disease.</p>∧∧<p>Not indicated to receive antiretroviral therapy based on current WHO HIV treatment guidelines.</p

An application of the perpendicular moisture index for the prediction of fire hazard

Various factors contribute to forest fire hazard, and among them vegetation moisture is the one that dictates susceptibility to fire ignition and propagation. The scientific community has developed a number of spectral indices based on remote sensing measurements in the optical domain for the assessment of vegetation equivalent water thickness (EWT), which is defined as the mass of liquid water per unit of leaf surface. However, fire models rely on the live fuel moisture content (LFMC) as a measure of vegetation moisture. LFMC is defined as the ratio of the mass of the liquid water in a fresh leaf over the mass of oven dry leaf, and spectral indices proposed so far fail in capturing LFMC variability. Recently, the perpendicular moisture index (PMI), based on MODIS, was pro-posed to overcome this limitation and provide a direct measure of LFMC. The aim of this research was to understand the potential and limitations of the PMI in predicting fire hazard, towards its ap-plication in a practical context. To this purpose, a data set of more than 7,700 fires recorded in Campania (13,595 km2), Italy, between 2000 and 2008 was compared with PMI derived from MODIS images. Results show that there is no relationship between PMI and fire size, whereas a linear correlation was found between the spectral index and fire rate of spread.Geoscience & Remote SensingCivil Engineering and Geoscience

Cost-of-illness of cholera to households and health facilities in rural Malawi

<div><p>Cholera remains an important public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries. Vaccination has been recommended as a possible intervention for the prevention and control of cholera. Evidence, especially data on disease burden, cost-of-illness, delivery costs and cost-effectiveness to support a wider use of vaccine is still weak. This study aims at estimating the cost-of-illness of cholera to households and health facilities in Machinga and Zomba Districts, Malawi. A cross-sectional study using retrospectively collected cost data was undertaken in this investigation. One hundred patients were purposefully selected for the assessment of the household cost-of-illness and four cholera treatment centres and one health facility were selected for the assessment conducted in health facilities. Data collected for the assessment in households included direct and indirect costs borne by cholera patients and their families while only direct costs were considered for the assessment conducted in health facilities. Whenever possible, descriptive and regression analysis were used to assess difference in mean costs between groups of patients. The average costs to patients’ households and health facilities for treating an episode of cholera amounted to US$65.6 and US$59.7 in 2016 for households and health facilities, respectively equivalent to international dollars (I$) 249.9 and 227.5 the same year. Costs incurred in treating a cholera episode were proportional to duration of hospital stay. Moreover, 52% of households used coping strategies to compensate for direct and indirect costs imposed by the disease. Both households and health facilities could avert significant treatment expenditures through a broader use of pre-emptive cholera vaccination. These findings have direct policy implications regarding priority investments for the prevention and control of cholera.</p></div

Average treatment cost of cholera to the health centre in 2016 USandI and I.

<p>Average treatment cost of cholera to the health centre in 2016 US$and I$.</p

Mean cholera costs to the patient and his household in 2016 USandinI and in I.

<p>Mean cholera costs to the patient and his household in 2016 US$and in I$.</p

Selected characteristics of the study patients and their caregivers.

<p>Selected characteristics of the study patients and their caregivers.</p