China and the Japanese traditional family inheritance system

本文は現代両国の「家」に大きな影響を与えていた中国明清時代に普遍的に存在していた「同居共財」という関係下の「家」と、日本近世(江戸時代)における武家の「家」を対象に、その概念、相続の内容と形態上の種々の相違を明らかにした。さらに、両国における伝統的な「家」相続制度が及ぼす現代への影響を総括した

Enzymes in <i>Artemisia annua</i> utilizing farnesyl diphosphate as substrate.

<p>ADS: amorpha-4,11-diene synthase; CPS: β-caryophyllene synthase; ECS: <i>epi</i>-cedrol synthase; FS: β-farnesene synthase; GAS: germacrene A synthase; GDS: germacrene D synthase; SQS: squalene synthase; PPO: diphosphate moiety</p

The fluorescence polarization parameters of α-mangostin-HSA/TRF systems.

<p>The fluorescence polarization parameters of α-mangostin-HSA/TRF systems.</p

Studies on the Expression of Sesquiterpene Synthases Using Promoter-β-Glucuronidase Fusions in Transgenic <i>Artemisia annua</i> L

<div><p>In order to better understand the influence of sesquiterpene synthases on artemisinin yield in <i>Artemisia annua</i>, the expression of some sesquiterpene synthases has been studied using transgenic plants expressing promoter-GUS fusions. The cloned promoter sequences were 923, 1182 and 1510 bp for β-caryophyllene (CPS), <i>epi</i>-cedrol (ECS) and β-farnesene (FS) synthase, respectively. Prediction of <i>cis</i>-acting regulatory elements showed that the promoters are involved in complex regulation of expression. Transgenic <i>A. annua</i> plants carrying promoter-GUS fusions were studied to elucidate the expression pattern of the three sesquiterpene synthases and compared to the previously studied promoter of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), a key enzyme of artemisinin biosynthesis. The CPS and ECS promoters were active in T-shaped trichomes of leaves and stems, basal bracts of flower buds and also in some florets cells but not in glandular secretory trichome while FS promoter activity was only observed in leaf cells and trichomes of transgenic shoots. ADS, CPS, ECS and FS transcripts were induced by wounding in a time depended manner. The four sesquiterpene synthases may be involved in responsiveness of <i>A. annua</i> to herbivory. Methyl jasmonate treatment triggered activation of the promoters of all four sesquiterpene synthases in a time depended manner. Southern blot result showed that the <i>GUS</i> gene was inserted into genomic DNA of transgenic lines as a single copy or two copies. The relative amounts of CPS and ECS as well as germacrene A synthase (GAS) transcripts are much lower than that of ADS transcript. Consequently, down-regulation of the expression of the <i>CPS</i>, <i>ECS</i> or <i>GAS</i> gene may not improve artemsinin yield. However, blocking the expression of <i>FS</i> may have effects on artemisinin production.</p></div

The thermodynamic parameters of α-mangostin binding with HSA/TRF.

<p>The thermodynamic parameters of α-mangostin binding with HSA/TRF.</p

Phylogenetic relationships between the A/mallard/Sweden/7206/2004(H7N7) isolate and representative H7 sequences available in public databases.

<p>Bayesian phylogeny of HA amino acid sequences (denoted by GenBank accession number and isolated description) was inferred using the MrBayes 3.1.2 program and the Jones model of substation with gamma-distributed rate variation across sites. Nodes with posterior probability support ≥95% are indicated. The Swedish H7 sequence isolated is highlighted in bold face. Scale bar indicates the number of amino acid changes per branch length.</p

Relative expression of plant-produced recombinant hemagglutinin was measured by quantitative real-time PCR.

<p>The expression levels was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 dpi (days post infiltration) and are normalized to expression of control genes, the ubiquitin (<i>ubi3</i>) and elongation factor-1 (<i>EF-1</i>). The results represent two separate experiments, each time performed including three technical replicates.</p

Fluorescence quenching spectra of α-mangostin-HSA and α-mangostin-TRF systems at 25°C and 37°C.

<p><i>C</i>_protein = 10 μM; <i>C</i>_α-mangostin 1 to 8 = 0, 4, 8, 10, 16, 24, 32, 40 μM. Spectrum a: 40 μM α-mangostin with no protein added.</p

Some features of the cloned sesquiterpene promoters.

*<p>The position of the TSS (+1) is given as bases upstream of the ATG start codon.</p>**<p>The position of the TATA- and CAAT-boxes are given relative to the TSS.</p

Nucleotide sequence of primers used. Restriction sites are underlined; F = forward; R = reverse.

<p>Nucleotide sequence of primers used. Restriction sites are underlined; F  =  forward; R  =  reverse.</p