Інформаційна підготовка: стимули і перешкоди

(UA) У статті розглянуто еволюцію уявлень про предмет інформатики. Створено контекст, який дозволив визначити основну лінію для побудови і реалізації системи інформаційної підготовки майбутнього фахівця.(EN) In the article the evolution of pictures is considered of the article of informatics. A context which allowed to define a mainline for a construction and realization of the system of informative preparation of future specialist is created. It is shown that the term "information culture of personality" associated with the result of training information. Also associated with the preparation of the information readily meet the challenges of the information class. It was determined that a special place in the interpretation of the concept of "information culture" is informative outlook that views the human system to a world of information and man's place in it. The analysis of the merits of the preparation showed that it implies an extremely wide range of knowledge and skills to work with the information and means to facilitate this work, including bibliographic literacy, culture, reading, information literacy, computer literacy, Internet literacy, etc

Heparinization of beta tricalcium phosphate: osteo-immunomodulatory effects

"This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: A. Diez-Escudero, M. Espanol, M. Bonany, X. Lu, C. Persson, M.-P. Ginebra, Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2018, 7, 1700867, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201700867. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."Immune cells play a vital role in regulating bone dynamics. This has boosted the interest in developing biomaterials that can modulate both the immune and skeletal systems. In this study, calcium phosphates discs (i.e., beta-tricalcium phosphate, ß-TCP) are functionalized with heparin to investigate the effects on immune and stem cell responses. The results show that the functionalized surfaces downregulate the release of hydrogen peroxide and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta) from human monocytes and neutrophils, compared to nonfunctionalized discs. The macrophages show both elongated and round shapes on the two ceramic substrates, but the morphology of cells on heparinized ß-TCP tends toward a higher elongation after 72 h. The heparinized substrates support rat mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion and proliferation, and anticipate the differentiation toward the osteoblastic lineage as compared to ß-TCP and control. The coupling between the inflammatory response and osteogenesis is assessed by culturing MSCs with the macrophage supernatants. The downregulation of inflammation in contact with the heparinized substrates induces higher expression of bone-related markers by MSCsPeer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Развитие аптечного дела в Городокском районе Витебской области

ИСТОРИЯ МЕДИЦИНЫИСТОРИЯ ФАРМАЦИИПЕРВАЯ ПОМОЩ

To Design together with role models : in the spirit of Lewerentz at the Eastern Cemetry

The Eastern cemetery in Malmö, designed by the architect Sigurd Lewerentz just over 100 years ago, is a valuable architectural heritage. The following master thesis explores the challenging task of how to develop and care for such an architectural heritage, a task which requires knowledge not only of the specific location, but also the architect as well as cemetery architecture and design. With a starting point in the architectural competition for the Eastern cemetery memorial grove, announced by Movium, SKKF and Stenindustriförbundet, a design project of a specific area of the cemetery has explored connections of how studies of role models can support or affect the suggested designs. The design process studies characteristics of the Architect Sigurd Lewerentz such as landscape modelling, large scale design, his distinct design elements, thorough material knowledge as well the importance of the horizontal line. Additionally, other role models within the field of cemetery design is explored to broaden the view of how cemeteries may be designed, both in its entirety as well more specifically memorial groves. Finally, there is a comparison of similarities and differences between the design proposal and the studied role models.The design makes use of the largescale attributes which Lewerentz worked with, his specific design elements and the horizontal line. It is concluded that the studies of role models support the process with inspiration and has a significant impact of the result.Östra kyrkogården i Malmö ritades för drygt 100 år sedan av arkitekten Sigurd Lewerentz och är idag ett värdefullt arv inom arkitekturen. I det här examensarbetet utforskas den utmanande uppgiften att utveckla och förvalta det arv en annan arkitekt lämnat efter sig. En uppgift som kräver kunskap om både platsen i fråga, arkitekten Sigurd Lewerentz men givetvis också en vidare inblick i kyrkogårdsarkitekturen. Med avstamp i en tävling gällande Östra kyrkogårdens minneslund, utlyst av Movium, SKKF och Stenindustriförbundet, har ett gestaltningsarbete av ett område på Östra kyrkogården genomförts. Syftet med arbetet är att se kopplingar för hur studier av förebilder kan vara till hjälp eller påverka resultatet av gestaltningsprocessen. Under arbetet med gestaltningsprocessen studeras arkitekten Sigurd Lewerentz för att definiera karakteristiska drag som går i Lewerentz anda. En anda som bland annat karakteriseras av landskapsmodellering, stora drag i utformningen, ett tydligt formspråk, gedigen materialkännedom och vikten av den horisontella linjen. Ytterligare studeras andra förebilder inom kyrkogårdsarkitekturen för en bredare inblick i hur en kyrkogård kan vara utformad, både med fokus på kyrkogårdens helhet och utformning av minneslundar. Slutligen jämförs likheter och skillnader mellan gestaltningsförslaget och de studerade förebilderna. Utformningen tar bland annat fasta på de stora drag Lewerentz arbetade i, ett tydligt formspråk och den horisontella linjen. Studierna av förebilder konstateras vara till hjälp under processen, både som stöd och inspiration, och har en tydlig påverkan på resultatet

Porosity prediction of calcium phosphate cements based on chemical composition

The porosity of calcium phosphate cements has an impact on several important parameters, such as strength, resorbability and bioactivity. A model to predict the porosity for biomedical cements would hence be a useful tool. At the moment such a model only exists for Portland cements. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a first porosity prediction model for calcium phosphate cements. On the basis of chemical reaction, molar weight and density of components, a volume-based model was developed and validated using calcium phosphate cement as model material. 60 mol% beta-tricalcium phosphate and 40 mol% monocalcium phosphate monohydrate were mixed with deionized water, at different liquid-to-powder ratios. Samples were set for 24 h at 37 degrees C and 100 % relative humidity. Thereafter, samples were dried either under vacuum at room temperature for 24 h or in air at 37 degrees C for 7 days. Porosity and phase composition were determined. It was found that the two drying protocols led to the formation of brushite and monetite, respectively. The model was found to predict well the experimental values and also data reported in the literature for apatite cements, as deduced from the small absolute average residual errors (<2.0 %). In conclusion, a theoretical model for porosity prediction was developed and validated for brushite, monetite and apatite cements. The model gives a good estimate of the final porosity and has the potential to be used as a porosity prediction tool in the biomedical cement field.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Brushite foams - the effect of Tween® 80 and Pluronic® F-127 on foam porosity and mechanical properties

Resorbable calcium phosphate based bone void fillers should work as temporary templates for new bone formation. The incorporation of macropores with sizes of 100 -300 µm has been shown to increase the resorption rate of the implant and speed up bone ingrowth. In this work, macroporous brushite cements were fabricated through foaming of the cement paste, using two different synthetic surfactants, Tween® 80 and Pluronic® F-127. The macropores formed in the Pluronic samples were both smaller and less homogeneously distributed compared with the pores formed in the Tween samples. The porosity and compressive strength (CS) were comparable to previously developed hydroxyapatite foams. The cement foam containing Tween, 0.5M citric acid in the liquid, 1 mass% of disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate mixed in the powder and a liquid to powder ratio of 0.43 mL/g, showed the highest porosity values (76% total and 56% macroporosity), while the CS was >1 MPa, that is, the hardened cement could be handled without rupture of the foamed structure. The investigated brushite foams show potential for future clinical use, both as bone void fillers and as scaffolds for in vitro bone regenerationPeer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

A novel strategy to enhance interfacial adhesion in fiber-reinforced calcium phosphate cement

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are extensively used as synthetic bone grafts, but their poor toughness limits their use to non-load-bearing applications. Reinforcement through introduction of fibers and yarns has been evaluated in various studies but always resulted in a decrease in elastic modulus or bending strength when compared to the CPC matrix. The aim of the present work was to improve the interfacial adhesion between fibers and matrix to obtain tougher biocompatible fiber-reinforced calcium phosphate cements (FRCPCs). This was done by adding a polymer solution to the matrix, with chemical affinity to the reinforcing chitosan fibers, namely trimethyl chitosan (TMC). The improved wettability and chemical affinity of the chitosan fibers with the TMC in the liquid phase led to an enhancement of the interfacial adhesion. This resulted in an increase of the work of fracture (several hundred-fold increase), while the elastic modulus and bending strength were maintained similar to the materials without additives. Additionally the TMC-modified CPCs showed suitable biocompatibility with an osteoblastic cell line.Preprin

Complex Formation of Alkyl-N-iminodiacetic Acids and Hard Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution and Solid State

The calcium(II), iron(III) and chromium(III) alkyl-N-iminodiacetate systems have been studied in aqueous solution with respect to stability, acid-base properties and structure. The calcium(II) ion forms only one weak complex with methyl-N-iminodiacetic acid in water,K-1 = 12.9 (2) mol(-1).dm(3), while iron(III) and chromium(III) form very stable complexes with alkyl-N-iminodiacetic acids. The calcium(II)-methyl-N-iminodiacetate complex is octahedral in the solid state with most probably water in the remaining positions giving a mean Ca-O bond distance of ca. 2.36 angstrom. The iron(III) alkyl-N-iminodiacetate complexes have low solubility due to a strong tendency to form polymeric structures. Depending on pH in the solution at their preparation, the degree of hydrolysis in the resulting compound(s) may differ. In the solid state, the polymeric iron(III) alkyl-N-iminodiacetate compounds seem to have the mean composition Fe2O(C-x-IDA)(5); the mean Fe-O bond distances to the oxo group and the alkyl-N-iminodiacetate ligands are 1.92 and 2.02 angstrom, respectively. In these complexes the nitrogen atoms are bound at much longer bond distances, 0.1-0.2 angstrom, than the carboxylate oxygens. This distribution with short strong Fe-O bonds and much longer and weaker Fe-N bonds is also found in most other structurally characterized iron(III) carboxylated amine/polyamine complexes. The chromium(III) alkyl-N-iminodiacetate complexes are octahedral in both solution and solid state, and the low solubility of the solid compounds indicates a polymeric structure with the ligands bridging chromium(III) ions. Also, chromium(III) binds oxygen atoms in carboxylated amines at significantly shorter distance than the nitrogen stoms. The chromium(III) alkyl-N-iminodiacetate complexes display such slow kinetics at titration with strong base that the back-titration with strong acid shows completely different acid-base properties, thus the acid-base reactions are irreversible

Tillväxt och potentiell sågtimmerkvalitet i gallringsmogna jämförelseplanteringar med Pinus contorta och P. sylvestris

The Swedish Cellulosa Companiy, SCA, has today 280 000 ha planted with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) ("C") which is equivalent to 14 % of its total forest area. Exotic lodgepole pine has in previous experimental stands shown a superior growth than the native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) ("S").But also the comparison could be questioned because stand histories were was unknown and also differences in age between C and S existed. To establish a better comparison between the coniferous species initiated SCA in 1970 new experimental stands where C and S were planted under the same conditions. These experimental stands were measured 1979, 1984 and 1991 and the data were used for development of growth models. The purpose of this study was to follow up growth- and saw timber quality development in SCA´s experimental stands with C and S. On the basis of previous comparisons of the species the following hypothesis were formulated: • The total growth is up till now 50 % superior in C than in S • The dominant height in studied stands is developing according to height curves both for C and S • The "future stems" have almost the same saw timber quality in C and S Nine experimental stands from Åsarna in Jämtlad to Vilhelmina in Lapland (middle north Sweden) were visited in autumn 2007. In every experimental stand ten permanent plots were examined, five in C stands and five in S. On those plots all trees with dbh > 5 cm were callipered and height was measured on sample trees. About 20 "potential final cut trees" were appointed within a radius of 10 m and the criterion for those trees was that they visually showed on good saw timber quality. The total growth, including thinned trees for C was as a mean value 53 % higher than for S. The average growing stock was 179 m3sk/ha in C and 134 m3sk/ha in S. The development of C follows the yield models as predicted. Until 1991 C had a higher survival rate than S. Three C stands were tinned (9064, 9066 and 9072) in the beginning of 2000. Those stands had a higher natural mortality. The top height development the last 16 years followed the height development curves. For C the top height in average followed the curve for site index T27 and S top height is increased with the curve for T24. Of the "potential final cut trees" 21 % of C were straight and with no spike knots and for S the corresponding figure was 30 %. In the C stands a larger amount of the future stems had a bend while the S stands had more future stems with spike knots.SCA har idag 280 000 ha skogsmark planterad med contorta (Pinus contorta var. Latifolia) (”C”) vilket motsvarar ca 14 % av det totala skogsmarksinnehavet. Contortan har i tidigare försöksplanteringar visat på en högre tillväxt än tall (Pinus sylvestris L.) (”S”) men jämförelserna kunde kritiseras eftersom tallbeståndens historik var okänd och åldersskillnader mellan tall och contorta förekom. För att få en bättre jämförelse mellan contorta och tall lade SCA ut ett antal försöksodlingar i början av 1970 talet där contorta och tall odlas under lika villkor. Dessa bestånd är inmätta tre gånger tidigare och ligger till grund för produktionsmodeller. Syftet med detta arbete var att följa upp och jämföra produktion och kvalitetsutveckling i SCA:s odlingsförsök med contorta och tall. På grundval av tidigare contortastudier formulerades följande hypoteser: • Totalproduktionen har hittills varit ca 50 % högre i C än i S • Övre höjden har utvecklats enligt SI-kurvorna för både C och S • Framtidsträden har nästan lika god timmerkvalitet hos C som hos S Nio lokaler besöktes från Åsarna i Jämtland till Vilhelmina i Lappland under hösten 2007. I varje lokal fanns tio permanenta försöksytor, fem i contortabeståndet och fem i tallbeståndet. På varje provyta klavades alla träd med dbh > 5 cm och höjd mättes på provträden. Cirka 20 potentiella slutavverkningsträd utsågs inom en radie på 10 meter. Kriteriet för dessa träd var att de bedömdes vara mest lämpade för god tillväxt och timmerproduktion (vitala, raka, sprötoch klykfria). På framtidsträden bedömdes kvalitet uppdelat på tre bedömningsgrunder, krök, spröt och dubbeltopp. Resultaten visar att contortan har under ca 40 år i snitt inklusive gallring och naturlig avgång producerat 53 % mer än tallen. Den stående volymen i contortabestånden var i snitt 179 m3 sk/ha och i tallbestånden 134 m3 sk/ha. Fram till 1991 hade contortabestånden högre överlevnadstakt än tallbestånden. Tre contortabestånd var gallrade (9064 9066 and 9072) och dessa bestånd hade en hög andel avgångar i form av vindfällen och toppbrott. Överhöjdsutvecklingen de senaste 16 åren för contorta följer höjdutvecklingskurvan för T27 medan tallen följer kurvan för T24. Av de utvalda potentiella slutavverkningsträd var 21 % av contortaträden helt raka och utan spröt. För tallen så var 30 % av stammarna fina timmerträd. Contortan hade större andel av framtidsstammarna med krök medan tallen hade fler stammar med spröt

Complex Formation Between Zinc(II) and Alkyl-N-iminodiacetic Acids in Aqueous Solution and Solid State

Removal of metal compounds from wastewater using processes where metals can be removed and valuable chemicals recycled is of significant industrial importance. Chelating surfactants are an interesting group of chemicals to be used in such applications. Carboxylated polyamines are a promising group to be used in such processes. To apply carboxylated polyamines as chelating surfactants, detailed knowledge of the solution chemistry, including complex formation, kinetics and structures of pure fundamental systems, is required. In this study zinc(II) alkyl-N-iminodiacetate systems with varying length of the alkyl chain have been studied. Acidic and stability constants have been studied by potentiometry, and the structures of both solids and aqueous solutions have been determined by EXAFS. Zinc(II) forms two strong complexes with alkyl-N-iminodiacetates in aqueous solution. In an attempt to determine the acidic constants of these complexes, the deprotonation of the nitrogen atom in the complex bound ligands, it was observed that this reaction is very slow and no accurate values could be obtained. The bis(alkyl-N-iminodiacetato)zincate(II) complexes take, however, up two protons in the pH region 3-7, which means that this complex is approximately singly protonated in the pH region 3-7 and doubly protonated at pH &lt; 3. The bis(n-hexyl-N-iminodiacetato)zincate(II) complex at pH = 13 has a distorted octahedral configuration with four short strong Zn-O bonds at 2.08(1) angstrom, while the Zn-N bonds are weaker at much longer distance, 2.28(2) angstrom. Similar configurations are also found in most reported structures of zinc(II) complexes with carboxylated amines/polyamines. The singly protonated complex seems to be five-coordinate, with four Zn-O bond distances at ca. 2.03 angstrom, and a single Zn-N bond distance in the range 2.15-2.25 angstrom. The relationship between the structure of the protonated bis(n-hexyl-N-iminodiacetato)zincate(II) complex and the slow kinetics in the region pH = 3-7 are discussed