8 research outputs found

    Managing the additional cost of passive buildings from the supply chain perspective: A case of Nanjing, China

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    The development of passive buildings is of great significance for sustainable development worldwide. However, the features of passive buildings are high capital investment with long payback periods, and complex supply chains involving numerous and disparate enterprises, all of which result in the need for additional cost control measures. This study systematically explores the interaction mechanism among the factors influencing the additional cost of passive buildings from the supply chain perspective. The additional cost components of passive buildings and their influencing factors are first identified in the aspects of design, materials and equipment, and technology, based upon which a system dynamics model of the additional cost of passive buildings is established. By reference to a real-life case study, the model is verified and applied to simulations. The simulation results present the impact of different measures on the additional cost of passive buildings, and further reveal its sensitive factors and mechanism. Based on the above work, four targeted strategies to reduce the additional cost of passive buildings are proposed. This is done with a view to promoting the development of passive buildings, and ultimately reducing the energy consumption and carbon emissions of the construction industry

    Table_2_Health damage assessment of commuters and staff in the metro system based on field monitoring—A case study of Nanjing.DOCX

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    IntroductionThe metro has emerged as a major mode of transportation. A significant number of commuters and staff in the metro system are exposed to air pollutants because of its shielded environment, and substantial health damage requires quantitative assessment. Previous studies have focused on comparing the health impacts among different transportation modes, overlooking the specific population characteristics and pollutant distribution in metro systems.MethodsTo make improvements, this study implements field monitoring of the metro's air environment utilizing specialized instruments and develops a health damage assessment model. The model quantifies health damage of two main groups (commuters and staff) in metro systems at three different areas (station halls, platforms, and metro cabins) due to particulate matter 10 and benzene series pollution.ConclusionA case study of Nanjing Metro Line 3 was conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the model. Health damage at different metro stations was analyzed, and the health damage of commuters and staff was assessed and compared. This study contributes to enhancing research on health damage in the metro systems by providing a reference for mitigation measures and guiding health subsidy policies.</p

    Table_1_Health damage assessment of commuters and staff in the metro system based on field monitoring—A case study of Nanjing.DOCX

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    IntroductionThe metro has emerged as a major mode of transportation. A significant number of commuters and staff in the metro system are exposed to air pollutants because of its shielded environment, and substantial health damage requires quantitative assessment. Previous studies have focused on comparing the health impacts among different transportation modes, overlooking the specific population characteristics and pollutant distribution in metro systems.MethodsTo make improvements, this study implements field monitoring of the metro's air environment utilizing specialized instruments and develops a health damage assessment model. The model quantifies health damage of two main groups (commuters and staff) in metro systems at three different areas (station halls, platforms, and metro cabins) due to particulate matter 10 and benzene series pollution.ConclusionA case study of Nanjing Metro Line 3 was conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the model. Health damage at different metro stations was analyzed, and the health damage of commuters and staff was assessed and compared. This study contributes to enhancing research on health damage in the metro systems by providing a reference for mitigation measures and guiding health subsidy policies.</p

    Efficiency-Enhanced Planar Perovskite Solar Cells via an Isopropanol/Ethanol Mixed Solvent Process

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    Solution processable perovskite solar cells traditionally employed isopropanol as the solvent of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>I in a two-step method. One of the largest issues of this technique is the uncontrollable morphology of the perovskite film. In this study, a homogeneous and dense PbI<sub>2</sub> film was prepared by introducing DMSO as an additive into DMF and then reacting the mixture with CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>I dissolved in an isopropanol/ethanol solvent to fabricate high-quality perovskite films. Results revealed that ethanol played a crucial role on morphology and components of perovskite films. When the ratio of isopropanol to ethanol was optimized, a power conversion efficiency of 15.76% was achieved, which was on average ∼50% higher than that of PSCs without DMSO and ethanol processing

    Bilayer Heterostructured PThTPTI/WS<sub>2</sub> Photodetectors with High Thermal Stability in Ambient Environment

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    Organic-based photodetectors (PDs) have great potential applications in next-generation portable, low-cost, large-area displays and optical communications. However, for practical applications, they are facing big challenges due to their instabilities in ambient environments, especially under high temperatures. Robust materials and device architectures are highly demanded to overcome the problem. In this report, we employed a donor conjugated polymer PThTPTI and realized thin-film PDs which can stably operate in ambient air under temperatures as high as 300 °C. By adding a discontinuous thin layer of WS<sub>2</sub> beneath the PThTPTI film, the device photosensitivity is significantly enhanced without loss of the high thermal stability. This work provides new insights in designing novel and stable organic-based devices for future optoelectronic applications

    Unifying Crystal Growth and Defect Passivation in Photovoltaic Perovskites: The Impact of Molecular Coordinating Strength

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    Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attractive due to their fast-increasing device efficiency, yet their further improvement is limited by their suboptimal morphology and intrinsic defects. To assess how the widely used additive engineering impacts crystal growth and defect passivation, we herein propose a simple but effective strategy to disentangle the influence of molecular coordinating strength on the above factors, respectively. By fine-tuning a single halide atom on the additive molecule, we can transform the functional role of the additive from only a normal passivator into a passivator plus crystal-growth modifier, rendered by the tailored competition between the precursor–solvent and precursor–additive interactions. Thus, optimized PSCs leveraged by the above strategy deliver a PCE of over 24% with improved stability. The unified crystal growth and defect passivation under the impact of molecular coordinating strength here provides new insights into designing additive molecules of interest to further push the envelope of PSCs’ efficiency

    Response Characteristics of Hydrogen Sensors Based on PMMA-Membrane-Coated Palladium Nanoparticle Films

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    Coating a polymeric membrane for gas separation is a feasible approach to fabricate gas sensors with selectivity. In this study, poly­(methyl methacrylate)-(PMMA-)­membrane-coated palladium (Pd) nanoparticle (NP) films were fabricated for high-performance hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) gas sensing by carrying out gas-phase cluster deposition and PMMA spin coating. No changes were induced by the PMMA spin coating in the electrical transport and H<sub>2</sub>-sensing mechanisms of the Pd NP films. Measurements of H<sub>2</sub> sensing demonstrated that the devices were capable of detecting H<sub>2</sub> gas within the concentration range 0–10% at room temperature and showed high selectivity to H<sub>2</sub> due to the filtration effect of the PMMA membrane layer. Despite the presence of the PMMA matrix, the lower detection limit of the sensor is less than 50 ppm. A series of PMMA membrane layers with different thicknesses were spin coated onto the surface of Pd NP films for the selective filtration of H<sub>2</sub>. It was found that the device sensing kinetics were strongly affected by the thickness of the PMMA layer, with the devices with thicker PMMA membrane layers showing a slower response to H<sub>2</sub> gas. Three mechanisms slowing down the sensing kinetics of the devices were demonstrated to be present: diffusion of H<sub>2</sub> gas in the PMMA matrix, nucleation and growth of the β phase in the α phase matrix of Pd hydride, and stress relaxation at the interface between Pd NPs and the PMMA matrix. The retardation effect caused by these three mechanisms on the sensing kinetics relied on the phase region of Pd hydride during the sensing reaction. Two simple strategies, minimizing the thickness of the PMMA membrane layer and reducing the size of the Pd NPs, were proposed to compensate for retardation of the sensing response

    Data_Sheet_1_Short-term spinal cord stimulation is an effective therapeutic approach for herpetic-related neuralgia—A Chinese nationwide expert consensus.DOCX

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    PurposeShort-term spinal cord stimulation (st-SCS) has been widely used to treat herpetic-related neuralgia (HN) in China for several years, but is still heavily debated as it has no strong evidence in clinical application. Therefore, a questionnaire survey among the Chinese pain specialist workgroup of the Chinese Neuromodulation Society and Chinese Medical Doctor Association was carried out to achieve a consensus about the clinical use of st-SCS for HN treatment.MethodsThe contents of the questionnaire include basic information about doctors (hospital level, work experience, training, procedure numbers, etc.), efficacy, indications, and contraindications of st-SCS, operation conditions, and preoperative preparation of st-SCS, and the prospect of the st-SCS procedure. Initially, the survey was conducted on 110 experts who have practiced the st-SCS procedure from all over the provinces in China. Finally, valuable data was calculated from the 110 questionnaires excluding the doctors with ResultsBased on the 110 questionnaires, it is estimated that 5,000 to 10,000 cases of electrical stimulation are carried out nationwide each year. Sixty-nine valid questionnaires acquired from senior pain physicians were more valuable and specialized in the efficacy, indications, and contraindications of st-SCS for HN. It was commonly agreed (97.10%) that the HN patients with ConclusionsEarly HN patients can get an effective outcome from the treatment of st-SCS and maybe the indication of st-SCS. Moreover, standardized training for pain physicians and basic research and clinical studies are warranted.</p
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