Kinetic Model for the Deep-Severity Thermal Reaction in the Coke Drum of Delayed Coking

The coke drum is the main reactor of the delayed coking process, in which the deep-severity thermal reaction of heavy oil takes place. To simulate the product distribution in this reactor, a kinetic model for the deep-severity thermal reaction was developed on the basis of the experimental data of a vacuum residuum in a microbatch reactor at 430–490 °C. The model-predicted results agree well with the experimental values. The ratio of the cracking gas/light distillate rate constant increases with the reaction temperature. Both the primary condensation/cracking rate constant and the secondary condensation/cracking rate constant increase with the reaction temperature. It means that the lower reaction temperature is advantageous to increase the distillate yield at the same reaction severity. Furthermore, a practical transformation method was presented to improve the suitability of this model. The comparison results indicated that this transformation method is available for the kinetic model in this research. Moreover, it can also be used for other lumping models similarly

Expression of CD38, HLA-DR, and CTLA-4 in blood, ileum, and rectum.

<p>Flow cytometry was used to measure the proportion of all CD4+T cells (4A,C,E,G) and CD8+ T cells (4B,D,F) that express CD38 (4A-B), HLA-DR (4C-D), both CD38 and HLA-DR (4E-F), or CTLA-4 (4G) in the PBMC (circles), ileum (squares), and rectum (triangles) of HIV- (open shapes) and HIV+ (black shapes) participants. Bars indicate the mean.</p

Relative CD4+T cell numbers in blood, ileum, and rectum.

<p>Flow cytometry was used to measure CD4+T cell (1A,C,E) and CD8+T cell (1B,D,F) frequencies as a percentage of all live singlet cells (1A-B), leukocytes (1C-D), and T cells (1E-F) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC; circles), ileum (squares), and rectum (triangles) of HIV- (open shapes) and HIV+ (black shapes) participants. Bars indicate the mean.</p

Markers used to Define CD4+T Cell Maturation Subsets.

<p>Markers used to Define CD4+T Cell Maturation Subsets.</p

CD8+T cell maturation subsets in blood, ileum, and rectum.

<p>Flow cytometry was used to measure the proportion of all CD4+T cells in blood (3A), ileum (3B), and rectum (3C) that are naïve (NV; circles), terminally-differentiated (TD; squares), central memory (CM; triangles), transitional memory (TM; diamonds), effector memory (EM; inverted triangles), or “other memory” (OM; X’s) CD4+T cells in HIV- (open shapes) and HIV+ (black shapes) participants. Bars indicate the mean.</p

Expression of homing markers.

<p>Flow cytometry was used to measure the proportion of CD4+T cells (5A,C,E) and CD8+T cells (5B,D,F) that express β7 (5A-B), CXCR3 (5C-D), or CCR4 (5E-F) in PBMC (circles), ileum (squares), and rectum (triangles) of HIV- (open shapes) and HIV+ (black shapes) participants. Bars indicate the mean.</p

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) strategies for PBMC samples (A-G) and GI tract samples (H-M; ileum shown as example).

<p><b> </b>For PBMC, all cells were included (panel A), doublets excluded (panel B), and residual non-viable cells excluded by LIVE/DEAD violet cell staining ("Viab dump," panel C). Low-frequency CCR5+ events were then collected in one sorting tube (inside box gate, panel D). Of the remaining, CCR5- events (outside box gate, panel D), CD3+ events negative for CD14 and CD11c were included for further gating (inside polygon gate, panel E), with remaining events collected in a second sorting tube (outside polygon gate, panel E). CCR5-CD3+ events negative for CD14 and CD11c that were also CD8- (panel F) and T cell receptor-γδ-, CD20-, and CD56- ("Lin dump," panel G) were collected in a third sorting tube as presumptive CD4+ T cells. Remaining CD3+ events that were either CD8+ or Lin dump+ were combined in a fourth sorting tube. For ileum and rectum, all cells were included (panel H) and then doublets excluded (panel I). Viable CD45+ events were included for further gating (inside polygon gate, panel J), with all events outside this gate collected in one sorting tube as non-hematopoietic cells. CD3+ events negative for CD14 and CD11c were included for further gating (inside polygon gate, panel K), with remaining events collected in a second sorting tube (outside polygon gate, panel K). CD3+ events negative for CD14 and CD11c that were also CD8- (panel L) and T cell receptor-γδ-, CD20-, and CD56- ("Lin dump," panel M) were collected in a third sorting tube as presumptive CD4+ T cells. Remaining CD3+ events that were either CD8+ or Lin dump+ were combined in a fourth sorting tube. Numbers in upper-right corners of flow plots indicate the percentages of events on plots falling inside gates shown. </p

Timeline for clinical treatments and study samples.

<p>Timeline for clinical treatments and study samples.</p

HIV-specific antibodies.

<p>Blood from four time points was tested for HIV specific antibody levels using the HIV-1/2 VITROS assay (3A), a detuned version of the HIV-1 VITROS assay (3B), and the Limiting Antigen avidity assay (3C). The y-axis shows the relative level of total HIV-specific antibody, as expressed as the signal to cutoff ratio (3A–B) or normalized optical density, ODn (3C). The x axis represents months since transplant. In <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003347#ppat-1003347-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3A</a>, the dotted line represents the diagnostic HIV antibody assay cut-off level used to classify individuals as HIV-positive or HIV-negative. For purposes of comparison, HIV antibody responses were also measured in HIV-uninfected adults, untreated HIV-infected adults, and ART-treated chronically-infected adults using the detuned HIV-1 VITROS assay (<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003347#ppat-1003347-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3D</a>). The bars in the scatterplots represent the median and interquartile ranges of distributions of seroreactivity for each group. Finally, samples from the Berlin Patient were tested for antibodies to other infectious diseases (3E). Tests included antibodies to CMV (strong positive, above the limit of detection), EBV, measles, and hepatitis B (all within the range of detection) as well as VZV, mumps, rubella, and toxoplasmosis (all negative, below the limit of detection). Only the results within detectable range of the assay are shown. S/CO = signal/cutoff ratio; ODn = normalized optical density; AI = antibody index.</p

Summary of virologic measures.

<p>Summary of virologic measures.</p