Withanolide-Based Steroids from the Cultured Soft Coral <i>Sinularia brassica</i>

Seven novel withanolides, sinubrasolides A–G (<b>1</b>–<b>7</b>), have been isolated from the cultured soft coral <i>Sinularia brassica</i>. The structures of the new metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configuration of <b>1</b> was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The cytotoxicities of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>7</b> against a limited panel of cancer cell lines also were determined

Withanolide-Based Steroids from the Cultured Soft Coral <i>Sinularia brassica</i>

Seven novel withanolides, sinubrasolides A–G (<b>1</b>–<b>7</b>), have been isolated from the cultured soft coral <i>Sinularia brassica</i>. The structures of the new metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configuration of <b>1</b> was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The cytotoxicities of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>7</b> against a limited panel of cancer cell lines also were determined

MOESM1 of Longitudinal brain structural alterations and systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea before and after surgical treatment

Additional file 1. The procedure for the cross-sectional voxel-based morphometry pipeline

Correlation between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) abnormalities and cognitive function after adjustments for age, sex, and education in HIV-negative chronic meningitis.

<p>Correlation between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) abnormalities and cognitive function after adjustments for age, sex, and education in HIV-negative chronic meningitis.</p

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of White Matter Damage in Chronic Meningitis

<div><p>Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and cryptococcal meningitis (CM) are two of the most common types of chronic meningitis. This study aimed to assess whether chronic neuro-psychological sequelae are associated with micro-structure white matter (WM) damage in HIV-negative chronic meningitis. Nineteen HIV-negative TBM patients, 13 HIV-negative CM patients, and 32 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers were evaluated and compared. The clinical relevance of WM integrity was studied using voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) magnetic resonance imaging. All of the participants underwent complete medical and neurologic examinations, and neuro-psychological testing. Differences in DTI indices correlated with the presence of neuro-psychological rating scores and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis during the initial hospitalization. Patients with CM had more severe cognitive deficits than healthy subjects, especially in TBM. There were changes in WM integrity in several limbic regions, including the para-hippocampal gyrus and cingulate gyrus, and in the WM close to the globus pallidus. A decline in WM integrity close to the globus pallidus and anterior cingulate gyrus was associated with worse CSF analysis profiles. Poorer DTI parameters directly correlated with worse cognitive performance on follow-up. These correlations suggest that WM alterations may be involved in the psychopathology and pathophysiology of co-morbidities. Abnormalities in the limbic system and globus pallidus, with their close relationship to the CSF space, may be specific biomarkers for disease evaluation.</p></div

Comparison of fractional anisotropy (FA) between chronic meningitis patients and healthy controls

<p>. There was a close relationship between Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) deficits in the limbic system and basal ganglia, and their surrounding CSF space. The correlation between FA decline and CSF space were shown in three-dimensional configuration of the right lateral view (R), antero-posterior view (AP), and left lateral view (L). Gray color, the ventricular system and deep brain arachnoid CSF space; Blue color, parts of the limbic system (cingulate gyrus and para-hippocampal gyrus); Yellow voxels, regions with significantly lower FA value in chronic meningitis vs. normal control (<i>p</i><0.001, corrected).</p

Comparisons of fractional anisotropy (FA) between groups.

<p>(<b>A–F</b>) Regions with significantly lower FA value in TBM vs. controls. (<b>G–H</b>) Regions with significantly lower FA value in CM vs. controls. (<b>I–Q</b>) Regions with significantly lower FA value in TBM vs. CM. (<b>R–U</b>) Regions with significantly lower FA value in CM vs. TBM.</p

Correlations between CSF profile of chronic meningitis and DTI indices after adjustments for covariates.

<p>The right cingulate gyrus (BA 32, superior corona radiata) and the WM close to left globus pallidus are shown.</p

Regions showing lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values in HIV-negative chronic meningitis (n = 32) than in normal controls (n = 32).

<p>The diffusivity values describe differences (meningitis vs. normal) in mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivities (RD) (mm²/s) multiplied by 10⁻⁶.</p><p>*Significant differences among MD, AD, and RD were adjusted with age, sex, and education as covariates (<i>p</i>≤0.05).</p>Ψ<p>Nearest Gray Matter was near the center of the 5-mm radius search area.</p><p>Abbreviations: MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; BA, Brodmann area.</p

Demographic data and neuro-psychological assessments of the tuberculous meningitis (TBM), cryptococcal meningitis (CM), and normal control groups.

<p>Data are presented as mean ± SD.</p>α<p>Median (inter-quartile range) value.</p><p>F₁, X₁² and p₁ represent comparisons among the TBM, CM, and control groups.</p><p>F₂, X₂² and p₂ represent comparison between the controls and all chronic meningitis patients in the study.</p>#<p>Significant difference between the control and TBM groups in post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni's correction.</p>§<p>Significant difference between the control and CM groups in post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni's correction.</p><p>Boldfaced values represent significant differences (<i>p≤</i>0.05).</p