How substitutable is natural capital ?

One of the recurring themes in the sustainability literature has been the legitimacy of using an economic framework to account for natural resources. This paper examines the potential for substituting between different inputs in the generation of income, where the inputs include natural resources such as land and energy resources. A nested constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function is used to allow flexibility in the estimated elasticities of substitution. Also, with this specification, natural resources and other inputs are combined in different levels of the function, thus allowing for different levels of substitutability. Institutional and economic indicators are also incorporated in the production function estimated. Results show that the elasticities derived from functions involving land resources were generally around one or greater, implying a fairly high degree of substitutability. Furthermore, changes in trade openness and private sector investment have a statistically significant and direct relationship with income generation. No statistically significant relationship between income and any of the institutional indicators was found.Economic Theory&Research,Inequality,Economic Growth,Banks&Banking Reform,Climate Change

2022 cost estimates of establishing and producing organic 'Elliott' blueberries in Eastern Washington

The results presented in this WSU publication serve as a general guide for evaluating the feasibility of producing organic 'Elliott' blueberries in eastern Washington in 2022. The primary use of this publication is in identifying inputs, costs, and yields considered typical of well-managed 'Elliott' blueberry fields. This publication is not intended to be a definitive guide to production practices, but it is intended to be helpful in estimating the physical and financial requirements of comparable plantings. Cost estimations in the enterprise budget also vary depending on its intended use. To avoid drawing unwarranted conclusions about any particular farm, readers must closely examine the assumptions made in this guide and then adjust the costs, returns, or both as appropriate for their farm operation

2022 cost estimates of establishing and producing organic 'Duke' blueberries in Eastern Washington

The results presented in this WSU publication serve as a general guide for evaluating the feasibility of producing organic 'Duke' blueberries in eastern Washington in 2022. The primary use of this publication is in identifying inputs, costs, and yields considered typical of well-managed 'Duke' blueberry fields. This publication is not intended to be a definitive guide to production practices, but it is helpful in estimating the physical and financial requirements of comparable plantings. Cost estimations in the enterprise budget also vary depending on its intended use. To avoid drawing unwarranted conclusions about any particular farm, readers must closely examine the assumptions made in this guide and then adjust the costs, returns, or both as appropriate for their farm operation

2020 estimated costs of establishing and producing conventional and organic hops in the Pacific Northwest

The results presented in this WSU publication serve as a general guide for evaluating the feasibility of establishing and producing conventional and organic hops in the Pacific Northwest as of 2020, with a capital and machinery endowment suited to a 660-acre hop enterprise. This publication is not intended to be a definitive guide to production practices but is helpful in estimating the physical and financial requirements of comparable plantings. To avoid drawing unwarranted conclusions for any particular farm, readers must closely examine the assumptions made in this guide and then adjust the costs, returns, or both as appropriate for their own hop operation

2021-2022 cost estimates of establishing, producing, and packing Chelan sweet cherries in Washington State

The results presented in this WSU publication serve as a general guide for evaluating the feasibility of producing Chelan sweet cherries in Washington State in 2021-2022. This publication is not intended to be a definitive guide to production practices, but is intended to be helpful in estimating the physical and financial requirements of comparable plantings. To avoid drawing unwarranted conclusions for any particular orchard, readers must closely examine the assumptions made in this guide, and then adjust the costs, returns, or both as appropriate for their own orchard operation

How Substitutable Is Natural Capital?

One of the recurring themes in the sustainability literature has been the legitimacy of using an economic framework to account for natural resources. This paper examines the potential for substituting between different inputs in the generation of income, where the inputs include natural resources such as land and energy resources. A nested constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function is used to allow flexibility in the estimated elasticities of substitution. Also, with this specification, natural resources and other inputs are combined in different levels of the function, thus allowing for different levels of substitutability. Institutional and economic indicators are also incorporated in the production function estimated. Results show that the elasticities derived from functions involving land resources were generally around one or greater, implying a fairly high degree of substitutability. Furthermore, changes in trade openness and private sector investment have a statistically significant and direct relationship with income generation. No statistically significant relationship between income and any of the institutional indicators was found

2021-2022 cost estimates of establishing, producing, and packing Skeena sweet cherries in Washington State

The results presented in this publication serve as a general guide for evaluating the feasibility of producing Skeena sweet cherries in Washington State in 2021-2022. This publication is not intended to be a definitive guide to production practices, but is intended to be helpful in estimating the physical and financial requirements of comparable plantings. To avoid drawing unwarranted conclusions for any particular orchard, readers must closely examine the assumptions made in this guide, and then adjust the costs, returns, or both as appropriate for their own orchard operation

2022 cost estimates of producing and packing organic Honeycrisp apples in Washington

The results presented in this WSU publication serve as a general guide for evaluating the feasibility of producing organic Honeycrisp apples in Washington in 2022. The primary use of this publication is in identifying inputs, costs, and yields considered typical of well-managed organic Honeycrisp apple orchards. This publication is not intended to be a definitive guide to production practices, but it is intended to be helpful in estimating the physical and financial requirements of comparable plantings. Cost estimations in the enterprise budget also vary depending on its intended use. To avoid drawing unwarranted conclusions for any particular orchard, readers must closely examine the assumptions made in this guide and then adjust the costs, returns, or both as appropriate for their own orchard operation

2021-2022 cost estimates of establishing, producing, and packing Sweetheart sweet cherries in Washington State

The results presented in this publication serve as a general guide for evaluating the feasibility of producing Sweetheart sweet cherries in Washington State in 2021-2022. This publication is not intended to be a definitive guide to production practices, but is intended to be helpful in estimating the physical and financial requirements of comparable plantings. To avoid drawing unwarranted conclusions for any particular orchard, readers must closely examine the assumptions made in this guide, and then adjust the costs, returns, or both as appropriate for their own orchard operation