Pengurangan Pemakaian Pupuk Anorganik dengan Penambahan Bokashi Serasah Tanaman pada Budidaya Tanaman Tomat

The aim of the research was to investigate the application of plant compost on the growth and yield of tomatoes. The experiment was conducted in Bandar Lampung from October 2009 until February 2010. The experimental design was completely randomized block design with 3 replications. The treatments were: control; recommended inorganic fertilizers 135 kg N ha-1, 75 kg P2O5 ha-1, and 110 kg K2O ha-1; white leadtree (Leucaena glauca) compost + recommended inorganic fertilizer; legume compost + 50% recommended inorganic fertilizer; teak (Tectona grandis) compost + recommended inorganic fertilizer; teak compost + 50% recommended inorganic fertilizer; paddy straw (Oryza sativa) compost + recommended inorganic fertilizer; paddy straw compost + 50% recommended inorganic fertilizer; rattlepod (Crotalaria anagyroides) compost + recommended inorganic fertilizer; rattlepod compost + 50% recommended inorganic fertilizer. Our results showed that rattlepod and paddy straw composts gave similar results in tomato growth and yield, and they were better than other plant composts tested. The application of 50% inorganic fertilizers combined with plant compost had the higher yield as compared to recommended inorganic fertilizer treatment. This implied that the use of plant compost could reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers while maintaining higher yield than using inorganic fertilizers only. The soil chemical properties was improved after application of plant compost

PENGARUH KOMPOS PUPUK KANDANG SAPI DAN MIKROBA PELARUT FOSFAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TOMAT (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) PADA TANAH ULTISOL

This study aims to (1) compare the effect of application with and without phosphate solubilizing microbes in the growth and yield of tomato in Ultisol (2) to compare the effect of multiple doses of cow manure composts in the growth of tomatoes in Ultisol (3) to determine the dose of compost with or without microbial solubilizing for the best yield of tomato plants. The treatment was applied in 2 x 5 factorial design with three replications. The first factor was the solubilizing microbes, with doses of 0 g / l of water (P0) and 20 g / l of water (P1) and the second factor was the dose of organic materials, namely 0 tons / ha (B0), 10 tons / ha (B1), 20 tons / ha (B2), 30 tons / ha (B3), and 40 tons / ha (B4). Each unit of the experiment applied to the experimental plots according to the randomized group design. The results showed that (1) Leaf Area Index analyses showed a similar pattern, namely a quadratic pattern. (2) Application with and without phosphate solubilizing microbes did not give a real difference to the growth and production of tomatoes unless the tomatoes sugar level. (3) Application of compost 40 tons / ha and 30 tons / ha without MPF scheme (P0B4) gave the best result in the production of the observed variables. However,in the treatment of compost wich is accompanied MPF scheme (P1B0, P1B1, PIB2, P1B3, and P1B4) , it showed that the presence of MPF scheme in the compost doses of 10 ton and 20 tons (P1B1, and P1B2) provided products that were not significantly different with the application of compost 30 tons and 40 tons (P1B3 and P1B4)

Aplikasi Pupuk Organik Cair dan Pupuk Anorganik terhadap Pertumbuhan, Produksi, dan Kualitas Pascapanen Jagung Manis (Zea mays var. saccharata Sturt.)

ABSTRACTThe aim of experiment is to determine the effect of application of organic-liquid fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer recommendation (Urea, SP-36 and KCl) on growth, yield, and post-harvest quality of sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata Sturt.) Talenta variety. The experiment was conducted in Kota Sepang Jaya, Bandar Lampung, Lampung Province in December 2015 to March 2016. The experiment used Randomized Block Design (RBD) with six level of treatments and three replications. Treatments were (L1) control/without fertilizer; (L2) inorganic fertilizer 100% recommendation; (L3) organic-liquid fertilizer; (L4) organic- liquid fertilizer + inorganic fertilizer 100% recommendation; (L5) organic-liquid fertilizer + inorganic fertilizer 60% recommendation; and (L6) organic-liquid fertilizer + inorganic fertilizer 20% recommendation. The use of organicliquid fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer recommendation, or both combinations on sweet corn Talenta variety showed higher growth, yield, and postharvest quality than without fertilizer treatment. The combination of organic-liquid fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer (Urea, SP-36 and KCl) 20% recommendation can be an alternative package economical for producing sweetcorn. This treatment also showed the lowest storage loss when compared to other treatments.Keywords: biofertilizer, urea, SP-36, KCl, TalentaABSTRAKPercobaan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi pupuk organik cair dan rekomendasi pemupukan anorganik (Urea, SP-36 dan KCl) terhadap pertumbuhan, produksi, dan kualitas pasca panen jagung manis (Zea mays var. saccharata Sturt.) varietas Talenta. Penelitian dilakukan di Kota Sepang Jaya, Labuhan Ratu, Bandar Lampung, Provinsi Lampung pada bulan Desember 2015 sampai Maret 2016. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) 1 faktor dengan 6 taraf perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Susunan perlakuan adalah (L1) kontrol (tanpa pupuk); (L2) pupuk anorganik 100% rekomendasi; (L3) pupuk organik cair; (L4) pupuk organik cair + pupuk anorganik 100% rekomendasi; (L5) pupuk organik cair + pupuk anorganik 60% rekomendasi; dan (L6) pupuk organik cair + pupuk anorganik 20% rekomendasi. Penggunaan pupuk organik cair, rekomendasi pemupukan anorganik, atau kombinasi keduanya menghasilkan pertumbuhan yang lebih tinggi, hasil, dan kualitas pascapanen yang lebih baik daripada perlakuan tanpa pupuk. Kombinasi pupuk organik cair dan pupuk anorganik (Urea, SP-36 dan KCl) 20% rekomendasi dapat menjadi pupuk ekonomis alternatif untuk menghasilkan jagung manis yang optimum dan juga perlakuan tersebut menunjukkan penyusutan bobot tongkol yang terendah jika dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lain.Kata kunci: pupuk hayati, urea, SP-36, KCl, Talent

Pengaruh Campuran Ekstrak Fermentasi Pupuk Kandang Sapi sebagai Subtitusi Nutrisi AB Mix pada Tanaman Pakcoy dengan Sistem Hidroponik

AB Mix merupakan nutrisi hidroponik yang mengandung unsur hara yang lengkap, namun harganya relatif mahal sehingga diperlukan alternatif untuk menggantikan nutrisi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Mengetahui apakah ekstrak fermentasi dari campuran pupuk kandang sapi dengan daun gamal atau daun afrika atau daun kelor dapat dijadikan sebagai subtitusi nutrisi AB Mix. (2) Mengetahui persentase ekstrak fermentasi dari campuran pupuk kandang sapi dengan daun gamal atau daun afrika atau daun kelor yang dapat dijadikan sebagai subtitusi nutrisi AB Mix. Rancangan yang digunakan ialah Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap yang terdiri dari 7 perlakuan yaitu P0 (100% AB Mix), P1(75% AB Mix + 25% ekstrak fermentasi pupuk kandang sapi dan daun gamal), P2 (50% AB Mix + 50% ekstrak fermentasi pupuk kandang sapi dan daun gamal), P3 (75% AB Mix + 25% ekstrak fermentasi pupuk kandang sapi dan daun afrika), P4 (50% AB Mix + 50% ekstrak fermentasi pupuk kandang sapi dan daun afrika), P5(75% AB Mix + 25% ekstrak fermentasi pupuk kandang sapi dan daun kelor), dan P6 (50% AB Mix + 50% ekstrak fermentasi campuran 25% pupuk kandang sapi dan daun kelor) dengan enam ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan 25% ekstrak fermentasi campuran pupuk kandang sapi dengan daun gamal atau daun afrika atau daun kelor memberikan pengaruh yang sama dengan nutrisi AB Mix, namun hasil terbaik diperoleh dari perlakuan 75% AB Mix + 25% ekstrak fermentasi campuran pupuk kandang sapi dan daun gamal yang terlihat pada peubah bobot segar tajuk.

Pengaruh POC Rumput Laut sebagai Substitusi Nutrisi AB Mix pada Tanaman Sawi (Brassica juncea L.) dengan Sistem Hidroponik

Budidaya hidroponik umumnya menggunakan nutrisi AB Mix yang mengandung unsur hara yang lengkap.  Penggunaan pupuk organik cair (POC) dapat dijadikan sebagai alternatif untuk mengurangi kebutuhan nutrisi AB Mix. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian POC rumput laut sebagai substitusi nutrisi AB Mix (2) Mengetahui komposisi terbaik POC rumput laut yang disubstitusikan dengan nutrisi AB Mix. Perlakuan disusun menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan tunggal dan 6 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri atas empat taraf, yaitu R0 (100% AB Mix), R1 (AB Mix 75% + POC rumput laut 25%), R2 (AB Mix 50% + POC rumput laut 50%), dan R3 (AB Mix 25% + POC rumput laut 75%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian POC rumput laut sebanyak 25% sebagai substitusi nutrisi AB Mix setara dengan kualitas nutrisi AB Mix 100% yang ditunjukkan oleh variabel pengamatan dengan rata-rata panjang daun 17,26 cm, lebar daun 12,42 cm, jumlah daun 12,50, tingkat kehijauan daun 37,08, jumlah stomata daun 30,33, bobot segar batang dan daun 159,50 g, bobot kering batang dan daun 12,00 g, bobot segar akar 5,17 g, bobot kering akar0,78 g, dan diameter batang 12,00 mm. Komposisi terbaik POC rumput laut yang disubstitusikan dengan nutrisi AB Mix yaitu AB Mix 75% + POC rumput laut 25%, yang dibuktikan dengan bobo segar daun dan batang sebesar159,50 g atau mampu bersaing sebesar 99,27 % dari perlakuan 100 % AB Mix

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. METHODS: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. FINDINGS: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. INTERPRETATION: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE IN MAINTAINING QUALITY OF TOMATO SLICES

Processes such as  slicing tomato fruits disrupt the plant tissue so the products become more perishable compared with the intact fruit. Ethylene production is stimulated during the slicing of fresh cut tomato slices.  Experiments were conducted to investigate if ethylene absorbent and exogenous ethylene influences the quality of tomato slices cv. ‘Revolution’ during storage at 5°C.  In the experiment of ethylene absorbent, experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design.  The treatments were plus 10 g and minus ethylene absorbent (KMnO4; PurafilÒ; 5°C for 12 d).  In the experiment of ethylene concentrations, experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design.  The treatments were exogenous ethylene concentrations of 0 (control), 0.1, 1 or 10 mL L–1 respectively (5°C for 6 h).  In both experiments, the treatments were replicated 5 fold.  Results showed that ethylene absorbent resulted in reduced ethylene accumulation, and CO2 accumulation in enclosed containers, and firmer slices.  Ethylene applied 2 days after slicing stimulated the rate of ethylene production, CO2 production, and produced softer slices during storage. Changes in soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity development were independent of ethylene effects.  These experiments showed that ethylene produced by slicing or introduced exogenously had an undesirable effect of accelerating softening of tomato slices