1-(3-Phenyl­prop-2-yn­yl)pyrrolidinium chloride

The title compound C13H16N+·Cl−, an achiral salt, was synthesized by a three-component coupling reaction in the presence of copper(I) iodide. The configuration of five-membered ring is close to an envelope conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯Cl and N—H⋯Cl inter­actions

Quasi-static responses of marine mussel plaques attached to deformable wet substrates under directional tensions

Quantifying the response of marine mussel plaque attachment on wet surfaces remains a significant challenge to a mechanistic understanding of plaque adhesion. Here, we developed a customised microscopy system combined with two-dimensional (2D) in-situ digital image correlation (DIC) to quantify the in-plane deformation of a deformable substrate that interacts with a mussel plaque while under directional tension. By analysing the strain field in the substrate, we gained insight into how in-plane traction forces are transmitted from the mussel plaque to the underlying substrate. Finite element (FE) models were developed to assist the interpretation of the experimental measurement. Our study revealed a synergistic effect of pulling angle and substrate stiffness on plaque detachment, with mussel plaques anchoring to a 'stiff' substrate at a smaller pulling angle having mechanical advantages with higher load-bearing capacity and less plaque deformation. We identified two distinct failure modes, i.e., shear traction-governed failure (STGF) mode and normal traction-governed failure (NTGF). It was found that increasing the substrate stiffness or reducing the pulling angle resulted in a failure mode change from NTGF to STGF. Our findings offer new insights into the mechanistic understanding of plaque and substrate interaction, which provides a general plaque-inspired strategy for wet adhesion.Comment: 19 page

4,4′-[8b,8c-Bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-4,8-dioxo-2,3,5,6-tetra­hydro-1H,4H-2,3a,4a,6,7a,8a-hexa­azacyclo­penta­[def]fluorene-2,6-diyl]dipyridinium bis­(tetra­fluorido­borate)

In the title compound, C26H32N8O6 2+·2BF4 −, the cation is built up from four fused rings, viz. two nearly planar imidazole rings and two triazine rings exhibiting chair conformations. One eth­oxy group is disordered between two positions in an approximate ratio 3:2. The F atoms of the two anions are each rotationally disordered between two orientations in the same 3:2 ratio. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O, C—H⋯F and N—H⋯F inter­actions

An investigation on plant cell walls during biomass pyrolysis: A histochemical perspective on engineering applications

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Whole petroleum system theory and new directions for petroleum geology development

As the global petroleum exploration domain gradually shifts from conventional to unconventional hydrocarbon resources, the classical petroleum system theory faces new challenges in terms of guiding the deepening exploration practices in the petroleum industry. After years of research, Chengzao Jia proposed the whole petroleum system concept and established an orderly distribution model for the coexistence of conventional and unconventional petroleum, which provides a new theoretical framework for the joint assessment and integrated exploration of conventional and unconventional petroleum resources. In this context, the 1st International Symposium on Whole Petroleum System Theory and New Directions for Petroleum Geology Development was held in Beijing in October 2-3, 2023. The theme was “Whole petroleum system theory and new frontiers in petroleum exploration”. Experts engaged in in-depth discussions on the progress of whole petroleum system theory and development directions of petroleum geology; they systematically reviewed the new theory developments and advances in sequence stratigraphy, tight oil and gas, shale oil and gas reservoir characteristics, genetic mechanisms, and development mechanisms. The conference also proposed unified genetic models for conventional and unconventional petroleum resources, and novel methods and technologies for joint assessment. Furthermore, it also included case studies on the whole petroleum system in clastic and carbonate formations in oil and gas basins, challenges, opportunities, and new directions in the development of petroleum geology. This symposium provided a valuable opportunity for the petroleum geology community to gain a deep understanding of the “whole petroleum system theory” and to summarize and refine the development directions of petroleum geology. Undoubtedly, this event contributes to the advancement of the whole petroleum system theory, guiding the development of petroleum geology theory and further promoting the joint assessment and integrated future development and utilization of conventional and unconventional petroleum resources.Document Type: PerspectiveCited as: Hu, T., Pang, X., Jiang, F. Whole petroleum system theory and new directions for petroleum geology development. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2024, 11(1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2024.01.0