Final Proposal to Encode the Khudawadi Script in ISO/IEC 10646

This is a proposal to encode the Khudawadi script in the international character encoding standard Unicode. This script was published in Unicode Standard version 7.0 in June 2014. Khudawadi is an historic script, used to write the Sindhi language, which is spoken in Pakistan and India. In the 1860s it was selected to be the standard for education and administration. In late 19c, Arabic became the official writing system for Sindhi. In India, Sindhi is also written in the Devanagari script

Proposal to Encode the Pau Cin Hau Alphabet in ISO/IEC 10646

This is a proposal to encode the Pau Cin Hau script in the international character encoding standard Unicode. This script was published in Unicode Standard version 7.0 in June 2014. Pau Cin Hau is a liturgical script for the Laipian religion. It was originally designed to write the Tedim language, a Chin language in western Myanmar, but the script also includes characters for representing sounds of other Chin languages

Proposal to Encode the Mahajani Script in ISO/IEC 10646

This is a proposal to encode the Mahajani script in the international character encoding standard Unicode. This script was published in Unicode Standard version 7.0 in June 2014. Mahajani is a script that was used across northern India until the mid-20th c. It was used to write Hindi, Marwari, and Punjabi. The script is no longer in general use

Proposal to Encode the Modi Script in ISO/IEC 10646

This is a proposal to encode the Modi script in the international character encoding standard Unicode. This script was published in Unicode Standard version 7.0 in June 2014. The Modi script was primarily used to write the Marathi language. It arose as an administrative script in the 16c and used officially by the Marathas from the start of the 17c until the mid-20c, when Devanagari replaced it

Proposal to Encode North Indic Number Forms in ISO/IEC 10646

This is a proposal to encode a set of Common Indic Number Forms in the international character encoding standard Unicode. This set of characters was published in Unicode Standard version 5.2 in October 2009. The characters were used in the traditional representation of fractions in various scripts of northern India, Pakistan, and some areas of Nepal. They were also used in a number of scripts of South India, including Kannada. They are attested from at least the 16c CE until 1970s, and are occasionally used today. The fraction signs were used to write currency, time, measure, and other units

Proposal to Encode the Takri Script in ISO/IEC 10646

This is a proposal to encode the Takri script in the international character encoding standard Unicode. This script was published in Unicode Standard version 6.1 in January 2012. Takri was used in northern India and surrounding countries in South Asia. It was the writing system for the Chambeali and Dogri languages, well as Jaunsari, Kulvi, and Mandeali. It was the official script in a number of states of north and northwestern India from the 17c until the mid-20c, when it was gradually replaced by Devanagari

Proposal to Encode the Kaithi Script in ISO/IEC 10646

This is a proposal to encode the Kaithi script in the international character encoding standard Unicode. The script was published in Unicode Standard version 5.2 in October 2009. The script was used for administrative communication from at least the 19c until the early 20c to write Bhojpuri, Magahi, Awadhi, Maithili, Urdu, and other languages related to Hindi. It was also used in religious and literary materials, to record commercial transactions, and in correspondence and personal communication. The Kaithi script was eventually supplanted by Devanagari

Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646

This is a proposal to encode the Sharada script in the international character encoding standard Unicode. This script was published in Unicode Standard version 6.1 in January 2012. Sharada is an historical script used to write Sanskrit, Kashmiri, and other languages of South Asia. It was the main inscriptional and literary script of Kashmir from 8c until 20c. The script is in limited use today by Kashmiri pandits

Recasting the Brahmin in Medieval Mithila: Origins of Caste Identity among the Maithil Brahmins of North Bihar.

Very little is known about the historical origins of Brahmin caste communities in India. The present study attempts to explain the origins of caste identity among the Maithil Brahmin community of north Bihar, taking advantage of exceptionally rich primary sources maintained by the community over a period of six centuries. I examine the development of identity of the Maithil Brahmin community through the themes of genealogy, territory, and authority. I begin my analysis by investigating the creation of a corporate 'Maithil' identity that resulted from a census of Brahmins conducted by the king of Tirhut in the 14th century. This census formed the basis of a comprehensive genealogical record known as "panji prabandha", which was used for determining community identity through the enforcement of rules of endogamy by which the purity of the Brahmin caste was maintained. Genealogy was linked to territory by identifying a limited number of Brahmin patrilineages ("mula") descending from founding ancestors of particular villages. The territorial basis for Brahmin identity in Mithila was based upon the genealogical record. So also was the authority of Brahmins within the Maithil community, whose patrilineages were differentiated into three ranked grades, which were based upon internal criteria for measuring the status of individuals. Genealogy, territory, and authority converged to produce the fourth aspect of identity among the Maithil Brahmins: kingship. When North Bihar was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate and the ruling dynasty of Tirhut fled, the Sultan appointed a high-ranking Maithil Brahmin to rule the region. From the 14th to 20th century, two successive Maithil Brahmin families governed Tirhut, who perpetuated the state-sponsored machinery of Brahmin genealogy and the regulation of marriage. The rise of a Brahmin to the position of 'king' further expanded the notion of Brahmin identity in Mithila by uniting the traditional tension in the relationship between Brahmin and king within the Brahmin caste. This dissertation shows that the practical attempt to recognize an individual as a 'Brahmin' in medieval Mithila led to the emergence of a renewed notion not only of 'Maithil' Brahmin identity, but also expanded traditional ideas of Brahmin identity.PHDHistoryUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110341/1/pandey_1.pd

Impact Of Music Therapy On Stress Management

Music, as an art form holds a special place in human culture. It encompasses a wide range of sounds and melodies that evoke emotions, thoughts, and memories. Traditional philosophies define music as tones ordered horizontally (as melodies) and vertically (as harmonies). Music theory, within this realm, is studied with the presupposition that music is orderly and often pleasant to hear. Music Therapy is the clinical & evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program. Studies suggest that those undergoing music therapy experience reduced anxiety immediately after the session, which indicates that music therapy could be a convenient way to reduce symptoms quickly. Studies also suggest that music therapy can improve symptoms of depression, with those undergoing music therapy along with standard treatments for depression such as talking therapy improving more than people who only received standard therapy. Chen, X., Wei, Q., Jing, R., & Fan, Y. (2021) conducted a study on cancer patients to investigate the effects of music therapy on stress and quality of life. The results indicated that music therapy interventions significantly reduced stress levels and enhanced the overall quality of life for cancer patients1. In a study conducted by Shirsat, A., Jha, R. K., & Verma, P. (2023), researchers explored the impact of music therapy on individuals with Alzheimer's disease. They found that music therapy could be a powerful treatment strategy, improving cognitive function and emotional well-being in Alzheimer's patients2. The importance of consulting qualified music therapists when implementing music therapy as a stress management tool will be emphasized. The findings and insights from this study, underlining the significance of music therapy in stress management for man and women are significant. The role of music therapy in fostering social connections and providing support will be explored, emphasizing its significance in stress management