Globalizing Inequality: ‘Centrifugal’ and ‘Centripetal’ Forces at Work

This paper reassesses national income inequalities in this era of globalization. The main conclusion is that two opposite forces are at work: one ‘centrifugal’ at the two extremes of the distribution—increasing the disparity of income shares appropriated by the top and by the bottom four deciles across countries; and the other ‘centripetal’ in the middle—increasing the uniformity of the share of income going to deciles 5 to 9. Therefore, globalization is creating a situation where virtually all the intercountry diversity of income distribution is the result of differences in what the rich and the poor get in each country.economic development, structural change, comparative studies, development policy

Defining Desire: Re(storyng) a 'fraudulent' marriage in 1901 Spain

In the second half of the 19th century, two Spanish primary school teachers were married despite the fact that their legal status as women rendered this union not only illegal but also publicly scandalous. In 2008 their story was resurrected in the form of a book based on an extensive review of educational, legal, and media archives. The Spanish press responded to the book’s publication by embedding the events within a more recent historical narrative around the struggle for gay marriage rights. In this article, we analyze the events in light of the understandings of sex, gender and sexuality that were available at the time, and then explore both the continuities and discontinuities with the modern interpretive framework that affords these women a lesbian identity, drawing upon Bennett’s notion of ‘‘lesbian-like’’ practices in eras where such identities were not yet conceptualized

Assessing Inclusionary Housing Policy in Santiago, Chile: Residential Segregation by Income, 2006-2016

In 2006, residential integration based on income was included for first time as a main goal in Chile’s national housing policy. In 2015, the National Council for Urban Development (Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano, CNDU) challenged the homeownership voucher program employed to achieve this goal and recognized the inexistence of any official instrument to measure segregation in Chile. This thesis responds to these concerns and i) provides an index to measure residential segregation of subsidized low-income households; ii) analyzes the index’s change during the last decade; and iii) uses these findings to evaluate whether the new policies introduced in 2006 have reduced the levels of residential segregation in the Region of Santiago (RS). The study demonstrates that new housing policies have not reduced the levels of residential segregation affecting subsidized low-income households in Santiago. Complementary, the thesis analyzes the relation between spatial clusters of government assistance with poverty rates, overcrowded conditions, physical deficiencies, infrastructure and social problems, to demonstrate the persistence of negative urban conditions associated to the location of subsidized stock

Dislocaciones de la poesía hispanoamericana : los lugares de enunciación y espacialidad del mensaje en la poesía visual de Guillermo Deisler y el Núcleo Post-Arte

Tanto Guillermo Deisler como el Núcleo Post-Arte provienen de dos fuertes tradiciones líricas, la chilena y la mexicana respectivamente, apegadas a lo verbal como fundamento del discurso poético. En este trabajo, proponemos que sus lugares de enunciación, así como otros espacios de expresión del mensaje poético, han implicado un dislocamiento de lo verbal. A través de una interpretación comparada de ambos casos, desde la topoiesis de las instancias enunciativas, mostramos la postura crítica sostenida en el trabajo de estos artistas, en tanto denuncia de lo verbal como mecanismo de legitimación de la poesía canónica y de la injusticia social y política.Guillermo Deisler from Chile and Núcleo Post-Arte from Mexico are visual poetry artists who belong to strong poetic traditions centered in the verbal. In this article we demonstrate how both artists have disrupted the traditional poetic discourse through new places of enunciation and expression spaces. In a comparative interpretation of both cases of study from the methodological approach titled "topoiesis of the instances of enunciation" we demonstrate the critical position that sustains their work denouncing the verbal as a legitimation mechanism for canonized poetry as well for the social and political injustices.Tant Guillermo Desisler com el Núcleo Post-Arte provenen de dues fortes tradicions líriques, la xilena i la mexicana respectivament, aferrades en el verbal com a fonament del discurs poètic. En aquest treball, proposem que els seus llocs d'enunciació, així com a altres espais d'expressió del missatge poètic, han implicat un dislocament del verbal. A través d'una interpretació comparada de tots dos casos, des de la "topoiesis de les instàncies enunciatives", demostrem com la postura crítica defensada en el treball d'aquests artistes, en tant denuncia del verbal com mecanisme de legitimació de la poesia canònica i de la injustícia social i política

On the study of the single-stage hole-flanging process by SPIF

Recent studies show the capability of single-point incremental forming to perform successfully hole-flanging operations using multi-stage strategies. The aim of this work is to investigate the ability of the SPIF process to perform hole-flanges in a single stage, contributing to a better understanding of the formability of the sheet in this demanding situation. To this end, a series of experimental tests in AA7075-O metal sheets are performed in order to evaluate the limiting forming ratio. The physical mechanisms controlling sheet failure during the process are analyzed and discussed. In the test conditions studied this failure is postponed necking followed by ductile fracture in the wall of the flange.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad DPI2012-3291

Preliminary investigation on homogenization of the thickness distribution in hole-flanging by SPIF

A drawback of the hole-flanging process by single-stage SPIF is the non-uniform thickness obtained along the flange. Multi-stage strategies have been used to improve it, however they increase notably the manufacturing time. This work presents a preliminary study of the tool paths for a hole-flanging process by SPIF in two stages. An intermediate geometry of the piece is proposed from the analysis of the thickness distribution observed in previous single-stage process. A simple optimization procedure is used to automate the intermediate part design, the NC code generation for the tool path and the validation of the optimal forming strategy by means of FEA

Recent Approaches for the Determination of Forming Limits by Necking and Fracture in Sheet Metal Forming

Forming limit diagrams (FLD’s) are used to evaluate the workability of metal sheets. FLD’s provide the failure locus at which plastic instability occurs and localized necking develops (commonly designated as the forming limit curve - FLC), and the failure loci at the onset of fracture by tension (FFL) or by in-plane shear (SFFL). The interest of metal formers in controlling localized necking is understandable because the consequence of plastic instability is an undesirable surface blemish in components. However, because under certain loading conditions fracture can precede necking in sheet metal forming processes, there is a growing interest in characterizing the forming limits by necking and fracture in the FLD’s. This paper gathers together a number of recently developed methodologies for detecting the onset of local necking and fracture by in-plane tension or in-plane shear, and discusses their applicability to determine experimentally the FLC’s, FFL’s and SFFL’s.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad DPI2012-3291

Circadian rhythms of proliferation events in two mouse carcinomas

We studied the index of DNA synthesis (DNAs) of two cellular carcinomas: the hepatocellular ES12a and the mammary TN60 of mice, throughout one circadian cycle. In the results, we observed that both tumors have circadian rhythms (CRs), but the peaks of DNAs vary. Besides, the mean of DNAs along 24 h shows significative differences, the TN60 has higher values than the ES12a. These observed CR in the DNAs index in both carcinomas mean that, at least in partly, the proliferation of cancer cells can be regulated by endocrine factor as it normally occurs in ordinary cells. The big problem we can find for the chronopharmacology is that it is impossible to know in advance the rate of proliferation of each tumor.Fil: Garcia, Marcela. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Andrini, Laura Beatríz. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Marina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Inda, Ana. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Palma, Maria Belen. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Miriuka, Santiago Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Errecalde, Ana Lia. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentin

Numerical explicit analysis of hole flanging by single-stage incremental forming

The use of Single-Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) technology in hole flanging operations using multi-stages strategies have been widely studied in the last few years. However, these strategies are very time-consuming, limiting its industrial application.In a very recent work of the authors, the capability of SPIF process to successfully perform hole-flanges using a single-stage strategy has been experimentally investigated. The aim of the present work is to develop a numerical model of this process to beable to predict the sheet failure as a function of the size of the pre-cut hole. The numerical results are compared and discussed in the light of experimental tests over AA7075-O metal sheets with 1.6mm thickness.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad DPI2015-64047-

How to Create a Financial Crisis by Trying to Avoid One The Brazilian 1999-financial Collapse as "macho-Monetarism" Can't Handle "Bubble Thy Neighbour" Levels of Inflow

Brazil, as the rest of Latin America, has experienced three cycles of capital inflows since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. The first two ended in financial crises, and at the time of writing the third one is still unfolding, although already showing considerable signs of distress. The first started with the aftermath of the oil-price increase that followed the 1973 ‘Yom Kippur’ war; consisted mostly of bank lending; and finished with Mexico’s 1982 default (and the 1980s ‘debt-crisis’). The second took place between the 1989 ‘Brady bonds’ agreement (which also marked the beginning of neo-liberal reforms in most of Latin America) and the Argentinian 2001 crisis. This second cycle saw a sharp increase in portfolio flows and a rise of FDI, and ended up with four major crises (as well as the 1997 one in East Asia) as newly-liberalised middle-income countries struggled to deal with the problems created by the absorption of those sudden surges of inflows — Mexico (1994), Brazil (1999), and two in Argentina (1995 and 2001). Finally, the third inflow-cycle began in 2003 as soon as international financial markets felt reassured by the surprisingly neoliberal orientation of President Lula’s government; this cycle intensified in 2004 with a (mostly speculative) commodity price-boom, and actually strengthened after a brief interlude following the 2008 global financial crash. The main aim of this paper is to analyse the Brazilian 1999-financial crises during the second inflow-cycle from the perspective of Keynesian/ Minskyian/ Kindlebergian financial economics. I will attempt to show that no matter how diversely the above mentioned countries tried to deal with the inflow absorption problem — and they did follow different routes, none more unique than Brazil — they invariably ended up in a major financial crisis. As a result (and despite the insistence of mainstream analysis and different ‘generation’ models of financial crises), these crises took place mostly due to factors that were ‘intrinsic’ (‘endogenous’ or ‘inherent’) to middle-income countries that opened up their capital account indiscriminately to over-liquid and excessively ‘friendly-regulated’ international financial markets. As such, these crises were both fully deserved and fairly predictable. Therefore, I shall argue that the general mechanisms that led to Brazil’s 1999-financial crisis were in essence endogenous to the workings of an economy facing i) full financial liberalisation; ii) several surges of inflows, especially immediately after the Mexican 1994 and the East Asian 1997 crises — and as a spillover of the respective rescue packages —, following a new ‘bubble thy neighbour’ speculative-strategy by international financial markets, as ever more liquid, volatile, politically-reassured, and progressively unregulated financial markets were anxiously seeking (and allowed to create artificially) new high-yield investment opportunities via a new sequential speculative-strategy; and iii) ineffective domestic financial regulation — especially lack of effective capital controls. I shall also argue that within this general framework, the specificity of the Brazilian crisis was given by having been affected by i) several external shocks; ii) by a naïve ideology directing economic reform; iii) by a exuberant (post-‘second generation’ models)-style monetarism, or ‘macho-monetarism’, that although successful in achieving initially price-stabilisation, and in avoiding that Brazil became ‘another Mexico’ (in terms of keeping Brazil away from an inflow-led Kindlebergianmania), it did so at a growing (and mostly unnecessary) cost; iv) the creation of several major financial fragilities in the banking sector (private and public) and in State finances — leading the Federal Government to sleepwalk into a Minskyian ‘Ponzi-finance’; and v) by this ‘Ponzi’ being turbo-charged by both the Government’s indiscriminate absorption of nonperforming debt, and by it paying a huge amount (mostly in the form of subsidies) in order to get the constitutional reform that would allow the President to run for a second term