IN-VITRO HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ALBIZIA LEBBECK, CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS AND SWERTIA CHIRATA ON HEPG2 CELLS

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate the in-vitro hepatoprotective activity of solvent extracts of Albizia lebbeck, Cassia occidentalis, andSwertia chirata on HepG2 cell line.Methods: The methanolic, ethanolic, and acetone seed extracts of A. lebbeck, C. occidentalis, and leaves extract of S. chirata were used in this study. Thedifferent extracts of A. lebbeck, C. occidentalis, and S. chirata were assessed for their hepatoprotective activity on human liver hepatocellular carcinoma(HepG2) cell line against paracetamol (PCM) as a liver damage inducing agent. The cell line viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-5diphenyltetrazoliumbromideassay.Results: The percentage cell viability was determined with respect to the normal control cells. Control cells showed 100% cell viability in all testedplant extracts. The PCM treated HepG2 cells showed a maximum cell viability (46.6±2.49%) in presence of all seed extracts of A. lebbeck. The silymarinand PCM treated HepG2 cells showed maximum cell viability (156.6±2.49%) presence of leaves extract of S. chirata. The maximum cells viability of131.6±9.39% was observed in methanolic seed extract of A. lebbeck (50 µg/mL), and the minimum cell viability of 107.3±3.68% was observed inacetone seed extract of C. occidentalis (50 µg/mL) comparatively.Conclusions: The methanolic, ethanolic, and acetone extracts of seeds/leaves from A. lebbeck, C. occidentalis, and S. chirata were showed thehepatoprotective activity. Further in vivo and clinical studies are required to confirm their therapeutic efficacy.Keywords: Albizia lebbeck, Cassia occidentalis, Swertia chirata, Paracetamol, HepG2, [3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]assay

Perspective Chapter: Tracking Trails of SARS CoV-2 - Variants to Therapy

A virus when replicates itself from one generation to another, tends to change a little bit of its structure. These variations are called mutations. History says that SARS CoV-2 originated from the virus reservoirs of animals, specifically non-human mammals like bats and minks. Since then, there are evolutionary changes in its genome due to recombination in divergent strains of different species. Thus, making the virus more robust and smarter to sustain and evade immune responses in humans. Probably, this has led to the 2019 SARS CoV-2 pandemic. This chapter tracks the evolutionary trails of the virus origin, its pathogenesis in humans, and varying variants with the coming times. Eventually, the chapter overviews the available vaccines and therapies to be followed for SARS CoV-2

Adding 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy to postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of short-course versus no androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised controlled trial

Background Previous evidence indicates that adjuvant, short-course androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves metastasis-free survival when given with primary radiotherapy for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the value of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy is unclear. Methods RADICALS-HD was an international randomised controlled trial to test the efficacy of ADT used in combination with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to radiotherapy alone (no ADT) or radiotherapy with 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT), using monthly subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue injections, daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as distant metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. Standard survival analysis methods were used, accounting for randomisation stratification factors. The trial had 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 80% to 86% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·67). Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00541047. Findings Between Nov 22, 2007, and June 29, 2015, 1480 patients (median age 66 years [IQR 61–69]) were randomly assigned to receive no ADT (n=737) or short-course ADT (n=743) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 121 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 9·0 years (IQR 7·1–10·1), metastasis-free survival events were reported for 268 participants (142 in the no ADT group and 126 in the short-course ADT group; HR 0·886 [95% CI 0·688–1·140], p=0·35). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 79·2% (95% CI 75·4–82·5) in the no ADT group and 80·4% (76·6–83·6) in the short-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 121 (17%) of 737 participants in the no ADT group and 100 (14%) of 743 in the short-course ADT group (p=0·15), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Metastatic disease is uncommon following postoperative bed radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Adding 6 months of ADT to this radiotherapy did not improve metastasis-free survival compared with no ADT. These findings do not support the use of short-course ADT with postoperative radiotherapy in this patient population