Change Process of Group Norms with Generational Change in a Small Group

Group norms are often revised or changed, although consistency and stability are desired when considering group management. The current study aimed to explore the process of group norm change by analyzing the minutes of meetings. Meeting minutes were coded by a psychologist and two graduate students of psychology. A total of 12 categories were identified: “Express determination in changing constitution”, “Ideal constitution,” “Informing current situation” “Changes from the past,” “Questions,”“Resolution of question by explanation,” “Statements for improvements” “Personal opinions,” “Understanding/agreements,” “Consents” “Conclusions,” and “Suspensions.” The results of the current study demonstrated that 1) central group members’ perceptions of the gap between their ideals and the current situation led to a change in group norms in order to realize their ideals, and 2) group members changed the group norms taking into consideration the norms that had been passed down by former members and those that they would hand over to future members

State responsiveness, collective efficacy and threatperception: Catalyst and complacency effects inopposition to crime across eight countries

Collective action can be a crucial tool for enabling individu-als to combat crime in their communities. In this research,we investigated individuals' intentions to mobilize againstorganized crime, a particularly impactful form of crime char-acterized by its exercises of power over territories and com-munities. We focused on individuals' views and perceptionsof state authorities, examining how these views may be linkedto intentions for collective mobilization. Using a large data-set with participants from eight countries (NTotal = 2088),we tested two distinct and opposing indirect paths throughwhich perceived state responsiveness may be associated withcollective mobilization intentions against organized crime,namely increased collective community efficacy (a CatalystIndirect Effect) and diminished perceived threat from crimi-nal groups (a Complacency Indirect Effects). Results showedthat state responsiveness was associated with stronger collec-tive action intentions through increased collective communityefficacy. There was also some evidence of reduced collectiveaction intentions through diminished perceived threat. Thesefindings highlight the complex role of state responsiveness inpredicting people's intentions to mobilize against collectiveproblems in their communities. Implications of the findings,limitations and future directions are discussed

The Psychology of Criminal Authority: Introducing the Legitimacy of Secret Power Scale

The state’s monopoly on sovereignty can be challenged by criminal systems capable of gaining legitimacy within communities. Understanding the psychological basis of such legitimacy requires broadening traditional conceptualizations of authority to consider how it operates without legal backing and outside formal channels. This research introduces the Legitimacy of Secret Power (L-SP) scale, a tool measuring individuals’ appraisal of illegal groups’ power. We validated L-SP through three studies (Ntotal = 3,173). Findings demonstrate a reliable, 20-item mono-factorial structure. Study 3 tested L-SP’s measurement invariance in the UK, Italy, Japan, and the US. Across studies, L-SP correlated with support for illegality, ideologies of masculine honor, and social dominance. It was inversely related to the perceived national threat of criminal groups, democratic attitudes, and police legitimacy. Notably, L-SP predicted individuals’ willingness to report criminal groups independent of fear or perceptions of police legitimacy. Theoretical implications and future directions are discussed

Glaucomatous Visual Field Defect Severity and the Prevalence of Motor Vehicle Collisions in Japanese: A Hospital/Clinic-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose. This study examined the association between the severity of visual field defects and the prevalence of motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) in subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods. This is a cross-sectional study. Japanese patients who have had driver’s licence between 40 and 85 years of age were screened for eligibility. Participants answered a questionnaire about MVCs experienced during the previous 5 years. Subjects with POAG were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe visual field defect. We evaluated associations between the severity of POAG and the prevalence of MVCs by logistic regression models. Results. The prevalence of MVCs was significantly associated with the severity of POAG categorized by worse eye MD (control: 30/187 = 16.0%; mild POAG: 17/92 = 18.5%; moderate POAG: 14/60 = 23.3%; severe POAG: 14/47 = 29.8%; P=0.025, Cochran-Armitage trend test). Compared to the control group, the adjusted OR for MVC prevalence in subjects with mild, moderate, or severe POAG in the worse eye was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.55 to 2.10), 1.44 (95% CI: 0.68 to 3.08), and 2.28 (95% CI: 1.07 to 4.88). Conclusions. There is a significant association between the severity of glaucoma in the worse eye MD and the prevalence of MVCs

PETREL for Astrophysics and Carbon Business

A multi-purpose 50kg class microsatellite hosting astrophysical mission and earth remote sensing, PETREL , will be launched in 2023. In the night side, PETREL observe the ultra-violet sky with a wide-field telescope covering 50 deg^2 for surveying transient objects related to supernovae, tidal disruption events, and gravitational wave events. Our UV telescope can detect the early phase UV emission from a neutron star merger occurred within 150 Mpc. In addition to the satellite observation, PETREL sends a detection alert including the coordinate and brightness of the UV transient to the ground via the real time communication network within several minutes after detection to conduct follow-up observations with the collaborating ground based observatories over the world. In the day side, PETREL observes the surface of the earth by using the tunable multi-spectral cameras and a ultra-compact hyperspectral camera. Our potential targets are the tropical forests (Green Carbon) and coastal zones (Blue Carbon) in the tropical areas to evaluating the global biological carbon strages. For this purpose PETREL will conduct multiple scale mapping collaborating with drones and small aircraft not only satellite. The obtained data will be used for academical research and for business applications. The technical difficulty of this satellite is that carries out multi-purpose with different requirements, such as astronomical observations which requires a quite high attitude stability and the earth observations requiring a high pointing accuracy, with limited resources. If it is possible, a novel small satellite system or a business style can be realized that can share the payload with academia and industry. PETREL has been adopted as Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Program No.3 led by JAXA, and development is underway with the aim of launching in FY2023