Теоретические основы интенсификации работы грануляционных устройств с усовершенствованной гидродинамикой

Одним із способів зменшення габаритів грануляційного обладнання є вдосконалення гідродинамічних умов перебування в ньому дисперсної фази. Цього можна досягти, зокрема, за рахунок застосування вихрових і високотурбулізованних потоків. Представлена робота присвячена обґрунтуванню можливості створення алгоритму управління рухом дисперсної фази в робочому просторі грануляційного пристрою, на підставі якого буде визначена його оптимальна конструкція з мінімальними габаритами.Одним из способов уменьшения габаритов грануляционного оборудования является усовершенствование гидродинамических условий пребывания в нём дисперсной фазы. Этого можно достичь, в частности, за счет применения вихревых и высокотурбулизованных потоков. Представленная работа посвящена обоснованию возможности создания алгоритма управления движением дисперсной фазы в рабочем пространстве грануляционного устройства, на основании которого будет определена его оптимальная конструкция с минимальными габаритами

Assay of Behavioral Responses to Mandibular Gland Extracts.

<p>Caged groups of 30 five-day-old workers were presented queen mandibular gland extracts from two different queen groups. The number of workers in each cage antennating and/or licking the two extracts were counted every five minutes over a 40-minute period and for two consecutive days. Statistical differences in the preferences for one extract versus the other in the pairwise comparisons were determined via repeated measures ANOVA with treatment as the main effect and day as a repeated variable. The mean ± SE is shown for the raw data, an asterisk above the bars indicates statistically significant differences; n is the number of cages used in comparison. <b>A</b>) In the first experiment we tested workers' preference for extracts of Virg, CO₂, and CPM queens. <b>B</b>) In the second experiment we tested workers' preference for extracts of Virg, SA1, SA8, SE1, and SE8 queens.</p

Choice oviposition

Choice ovipositio

Linear discriminant analysis of QMP components.

<p>The relative proportions of the individual compounds found in the mandibular glands of the queens in experiments 1 and 2 were arcsine square root transformed and subjected to linear discriminant analysis. <b>A</b>) Discriminant plot with classification of Virg, CO₂ and CPM queen groups and the table of actual (rows) by predicted (columns) numbers of queens in different groups. Symbols represent individual queens; circle represents the 95% confidence region containing the true mean. <b>B</b>) Discriminant plot with classification of Virg, SA1, SA8, SE1, and SE8 queen groups and the table of actual (rows) by predicted (columns) numbers of queens in the different groups. Numbers in parentheses represent the percentage of queens classified correctly.</p

Chemical Profiles of Two Pheromone Glands Are Differentially Regulated by Distinct Mating Factors in Honey Bee Queens (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.)

<div><p>Pheromones mediate social interactions among individuals in a wide variety of species, from yeast to mammals. In social insects such as honey bees, pheromone communication systems can be extraordinarily complex and serve to coordinate behaviors among many individuals. One of the primary mediators of social behavior and organization in honey bee colonies is queen pheromone, which is produced by multiple glands. The types and quantities of chemicals produced differ significantly between virgin and mated queens, and recent studies have suggested that, in newly mated queens, insemination volume or quantity can affect pheromone production. Here, we examine the long-term impact of different factors involved during queen insemination on the chemical composition of the mandibular and Dufour's glands, two of the major sources of queen pheromone. Our results demonstrate that carbon dioxide (an anesthetic used in instrumental insemination), physical manipulation of genital tract (presumably mimicking the act of copulation), insemination substance (saline vs. semen), and insemination volume (1 vs. 8 µl) all have long-term effects on mandibular gland chemical profiles. In contrast, Dufour's gland chemical profiles were changed only upon insemination and were not influenced by exposure to carbon dioxide, manipulation, insemination substance or volume. These results suggest that the chemical contents of these two glands are regulated by different neuro-physiological mechanisms. Furthermore, workers responded differently to the different mandibular gland extracts in a choice assay. Although these studies must be validated in naturally mated queens of varying mating quality, our results suggest that while the chemical composition of Dufour's gland is associated with mating status, that of the mandibular glands is associated with both mating status and insemination success. Thus, the queen appears to be signaling both status and reproductive quality to the workers, which may impact worker behavior and physiology as well as social organization and productivity of the colony.</p></div

Relative proportions of compounds found in mandibular glands of queens inseminated with different volumes and substances.

<p>The mean ± SE is shown for the raw data, but to meet the assumptions of the ANOVA the data for HOB, Unk 4, 10HDAA, HVA, tetradecanoic acid, decanedioic acid, Unk 13 and octadecanoic acid were arcsine square root transformed prior to statistical analysis. Statistical differences in the relative proportions of each individual compound across the three groups of queens were determined using an ANOVA with treatment as the main factor. Post hoc analysis was performed with a Tukey's HSD all pairs comparison and different letters annotate significant differences between groups.</p><p>#  =  compound number, Unk  =  unknown. Retention times and the information on m/z and intensities of the ten most abundant ions for all unknown compounds are available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078637#pone.0078637.s006" target="_blank">Table S4</a> and fragmentation patterns for all of the compounds are available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078637#pone.0078637.s002" target="_blank">Figure S2</a>.</p

Relative proportions of compounds found in mandibular glands of Virg, CO₂, and CPM queens.

<p>The mean ± SE is shown for the raw data, but to meet the assumptions of the ANOVA the data for HOB, Unk6, Unk 14, and octadecanoic acid were arcsine square root transformed prior to statistical analysis. Statistical differences in the relative proportions of each individual compound across the three groups of queens were determined using an ANOVA with treatment as the main factor. Post hoc analysis was performed with a Tukey's HSD all pairs comparison and different letters annotate significant differences between groups.</p><p>#  =  compound number, Unk  =  unknown, n =  number of queens used for analysis. Retention times and the information on m/z and intensities of the ten most abundant ions for all unknown compounds are available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078637#pone.0078637.s005" target="_blank">Table S3</a> and fragmentation patterns for all of the compounds are available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078637#pone.0078637.s001" target="_blank">Figure S1</a>.</p

Queen Dufour's gland pheromone production.

<p>There was no significant effect of CO₂ treatment or manipulation on the (<b>A</b>) amount of esters produced per queen gland (data not transformed, ANOVA: F_2,23 = 0.62, P = 0.55) or (<b>B</b>) amount of hydrocarbons produced per queen gland (data not transformed, ANOVA: F_2,23 = 0.43, P = 0.66). There was a significant effect of insemination on (<b>C</b>) the amount of esters produced per queen gland (ANOVA on log2-transformed data: F_4,43 = 9.68, P<0.0001; asterisk indicates significant difference) and (<b>D</b>) the amount of hydrocarbons produced per queen gland (ANOVA on log2-transformed data: F_4,43 = 0.53, P = 0.001). The mean ± SEM is shown for the raw data, numbers in bars denote the number of queens in the group. Abbreviations are as follows: Virg  =  virgin, CO₂ =  carbon dioxide, CPM  =  CO₂–treated and physically manipulated, SA1  =  saline 1 µl, SA8 =  saline 8 µl, SE1  =  semen 1 µl, SE8 =  semen 8 µl.</p

Linear discriminant analysis of all queen mandibular gland pheromone components.

<p>The relative proportions of the individual compounds found in the mandibular glands of the queens in experiments 1 and 2 were arcsine square root transformed and subjected to linear discriminant analysis. <b>A</b>) Discriminant plot with classification of Virg, CO₂ and CPM queen groups based on 27 compounds and the table of actual (rows) by predicted (columns) numbers of queens in different groups. Symbols represent individual queens; ellipse represents the 95% confidence region containing the true mean. <b>B</b>) Discriminant plot with classification of Virg, SA1, SA8, SE1, and SE8 queen groups based on 28 compounds and the table of actual (rows) by predicted (columns) numbers of queens in the different groups. Numbers in parentheses represent the percentage of queens classified correctly.</p

Survival on sinigrin

Survival on sinigri