Analysis of Sugar Cane Production in Relation to Climate, Soil and Management

The yield of sugar cane is analyzed in relation to climate, soil and management. Detailed Information is obtained from the Waialua Sugar Company Inc. on Oahu, where approximately 4200 ha of irrigated sugar cane are grown under fully mechanized conditions. The field records date back to 1930, but a selected group of data for the period 1960-1970 has been used for statistical interpretation. Management variables Include month of harvest, crop cycle, age in months, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus fertilization, amount of irrigation water applied and the number of days after the last round of irrigation until harvest. The climatic variables are rainfall during winter, rainfall during summer, rainfall one month before harvest; rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature and diurnal difference in temperature during the harvest month, average monthly evaporation and global radiation. The soils are mapped in detail and the yield data are grouped according to the major soil series on which sugar cane is grown in this plantation. Two soil series (Wahiawa and Lahalna) belong to the Order of the Oxisoils and cover almost 50% of the terrain, while another 40% is classified as Haplustolls (Ewa, Waialua, Kawaihapai, Pulehu, and Haleiwa). The remaining 10% of the area belongs to poorly drained Inceptlsols and Vertisols (Pearl Harbor and Kaena), The seasonal variation in climate with warm sunny summers and cool rainy winters is one of the determining factors in sugar production. Heavy rainstorms in winter show a negative effect on the production. Age of the crop is negatively correlated when the yield is expressed as Ton Sugar per Acre per Month. A significant drop in yield is observed in ratoon cropping. This decrease was more pronounced in the lowland soils. Sugar yield from the first plant crop is higher than the yield from the second plant crop. Since all other management practices and climatic factors are similar for both plant crops, this drop in yield must be considered as a genuine yield decline. During the 1930's the lowland areas produced more sugar than the fields located on chemically infertile Oxisols in the uplands. Increasing amounts of fertilizers since that time reduced the effect of the limiting fertility factor. The heavy machinery introduced since 1935 created poor physical conditions in the alluvial soils – impeded drainage, compaction and stickiness.- The result is that during the last decade the Oxisols produced significantly more sugar than the alluvial soils in spite of less favorable climatic conditions at higher elevation. The limiting factor appears to have changed from fertility to physical conditions. An analysis of variance test clearly demonstrated the significant difference in yield between these two soil groups. From this study it becomes clear that all three systems-climate, soil and management-play an Important role in the final yield figure. While it is not possible to estimate the yield satisfactorily with only one of these systems-the explained variation in yield varied from 18% to 34%- the combination of the three systems explained more than 70% of the yield variation. Almost 80% of the estimated yield data differed less than 5% from the actual yield. Because this study was carried out over a relatively large area and actual plantation records were used Instead of an experimental design, the unexplained variation is still considerable. However this study indicates that agricultural research designed to interpret actual field data should give equal importance to the three systems that control crop growth: Climate, soil and management

Precise measurements of the properties of the B-1(5721)(0,+) and B-2*(5747)(0,+) states and observation of B-+,B-0 pi(-,+) mass structures

Invariant mass distributions of B+π− and B0π+ combinations are investigated in order to study excited B mesons. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to 3.0 fb−1 of pp collision data, recorded by the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. Precise measurements of the masses and widths of the B1(5721)0,+ and B2(5747)0,+ states are reported. Clear enhancements, particularly prominent at high pion transverse momentum, are seen over background in the mass range 5850-6000 MeV in both B+π− and B0π+ combinations. The structures are consistent with the presence of four excited B mesons, labelled BJ (5840)0,+ and BJ (5960)0,+, whose masses and widths are obtained under different hypotheses for their quantum numbers

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions

First observation and amplitude analysis of the B- -> D+K-pi(-) decay

The B-→D+K-π- decay is observed in a data sample corresponding to 3.0 fb-1 of pp collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. Its branching fraction is measured to be B(B-→D+K-π-)=(7.31±0.19±0.22±0.39)×10-5 where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic and from the branching fraction of the normalization channel B-→D+π-π-, respectively. An amplitude analysis of the resonant structure of the B-→D+K-π- decay is used to measure the contributions from quasi-two-body B-→D0∗(2400)0K-, B-→D2∗(2460)0K-, and B-→DJ∗(2760)0K- decays, as well as from nonresonant sources. The DJ∗(2760)0 resonance is determined to have spin 1

Physics case for an LHCb Upgrade II - Opportunities in flavour physics, and beyond, in the HL-LHC era

The LHCb Upgrade II will fully exploit the flavour-physics opportunities of the HL-LHC, and study additional physics topics that take advantage of the forward acceptance of the LHCb spectrometer. The LHCb Upgrade I will begin operation in 2020. Consolidation will occur, and modest enhancements of the Upgrade I detector will be installed, in Long Shutdown 3 of the LHC (2025) and these are discussed here. The main Upgrade II detector will be installed in long shutdown 4 of the LHC (2030) and will build on the strengths of the current LHCb experiment and the Upgrade I. It will operate at a luminosity up to 2×1034 cm−2s−1, ten times that of the Upgrade I detector. New detector components will improve the intrinsic performance of the experiment in certain key areas. An Expression Of Interest proposing Upgrade II was submitted in February 2017. The physics case for the Upgrade II is presented here in more depth. CP-violating phases will be measured with precisions unattainable at any other envisaged facility. The experiment will probe b → sl+l−and b → dl+l− transitions in both muon and electron decays in modes not accessible at Upgrade I. Minimal flavour violation will be tested with a precision measurement of the ratio of B(B0 → μ+μ−)/B(Bs → μ+μ−). Probing charm CP violation at the 10−5 level may result in its long sought discovery. Major advances in hadron spectroscopy will be possible, which will be powerful probes of low energy QCD. Upgrade II potentially will have the highest sensitivity of all the LHC experiments on the Higgs to charm-quark couplings. Generically, the new physics mass scale probed, for fixed couplings, will almost double compared with the pre-HL-LHC era; this extended reach for flavour physics is similar to that which would be achieved by the HE-LHC proposal for the energy frontier

LHCb upgrade software and computing : technical design report

This document reports the Research and Development activities that are carried out in the software and computing domains in view of the upgrade of the LHCb experiment. The implementation of a full software trigger implies major changes in the core software framework, in the event data model, and in the reconstruction algorithms. The increase of the data volumes for both real and simulated datasets requires a corresponding scaling of the distributed computing infrastructure. An implementation plan in both domains is presented, together with a risk assessment analysis