Impact of the COVID‑19 Pandemic on the Psychosocial Wellbeing of Dental Therapists in Nigeria

Background: The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, as a highlycontagious infection transmitted via droplets, and person-to-person contact. Airborne and aerosol transmission have also been implicated. Aerosol generating procedures such as scaling and polishing may increase the risk for developing COVID-19 in dental clinics, and may thus place some psychological strain on dental therapists. This study aimed to determine the psychosocial effect of COVID‑19 on dental therapists in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out following ethical approval from the institutional Ethics Committee. Data collection was through self-administered online questionnaires and included socio-demographic characteristics. Psychosocial well‑being was assessed using a five‑point Likert scale that assessed the level of worry. Scores were summed up to obtain the mean (range 5–25). Statistical significance was set at a level of P ≤ 0.05. Results: The 192 respondents had a mean age of 28.0 ± 7.2 years, 96.9% were aware of COVID‑19. Sixteen (8.3%) participants reported at least one medical condition. The mean psychosocial‑wellbeing score was 18.4 ± 4.9. Most (90.1%) were worried about the COVID-19  pandemic, while 76% were severely worried about getting infected with COVID-19 in the dental clinic, and 72.9% were severely worried about the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the clinic. Participants with self‑reported medical conditions had a  slightly higher psychosocial score (18.6 vs. 18.4), but this was not significant (P = 0.902). Conclusion: The psychosocial effect of the COVID‑19 pandemic was considerable on the dental therapists. The provision of PPE,  training on Infection Prevention and Control, and psychosocial support will reduce the psychosocial effect of COVID‑19 on dental therapists in Nigeria as they are willing to ensure patients’ safety. Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019, dental therapists, Nigeria, psychosocial wellbein

The Roles of Surfactant in Tribology Applications of Recent Technology: An overview

In managing friction, wear, and lubricant qualities such as emulsification, demulsification, bio resistance, oxidation resistance, rust prevention, and corrosion resistance, surfactants play a crucial role in tribology. This is an important topic for the development of new materials and gadgets, particularly those created at the Nano-scale. The tribological characteristics of cutting fluids, lubricant performance in relation to steel surfaces, bio lubricants, and novel materials and approaches to friction and wear reduction will all be covered in this most recent edition. Numerous industries place a high priority on surface science and tribology. Almost all consumer and industrial products are manufactured and used with the aid of sophisticated surface and tribological knowledge. Amphiphilic molecules are those that function as surface-active agents or surfactants. Their tails are hydrophobic while their heads are polar, or hydrophilic. They are dispersible in both water and organic solvents. This article introduces surfactants’ nature and physical traits with a focus on their importance in modern science and technology. The primary property of surfactant molecules is the ability to self-assemble into micelles, which gives us a way to apply surfactants. The study of the surfactants results in a number of practical application areas, including food, health and personal care goods, biological systems, mineral and petroleum processing, and even nanotechnology. The organisms, food manufacturing, crop protection, personal care products, mineral and petroleum processing, and other practical application areas serve as examples of what these in turn give rise to a range of operational application domains

The Advances of Tribology in Materials and Energy Conservation and Engineering Innovation

Tribology has been significantly contributing to materials, energy conservation and engineering innovation. This paper elaborates the development of tribology considering in detail in energy factor, tribological role of efficiency in the society by introducing lubricants which reduces the effective friction while moving the mass which significantly improves overall efficiency of the process all though it was primitive. The objectives of the study of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) are working to expand energy conservation, particularly through tribology, by doing things like evaluating the realistic effects of tribological innovation on conserving energy and trying to promote advanced energy technologies, identifying fields the application's location of new or existing Knowledge of tribology is anticipated to result in significant direct or indirect benefits, and so on. The strategy focuses on fluid film and rolling element bearings, consistently sophisticated metal processing, wear and friction reduction, variable power transmission, sealing technologies, automobile engines, and energy technologies. Additionally, the potential savings for various areas are detailed, as is a summary demonstrating the advantages that may be obtained with cutting-edge industrial machinery and processes, and comparing the prospective cost savings with the benefits ratio of the many key program features. road transportation for increasing energy efficiency. It was regarded as the most appropriate and advantageous aspects of tribology at the time to increasing productivity. Since then, numerous studies have focused on the study of industry-based machine and method-specific materials. Also, continuous variable transmissions are now found in many automobiles to enhance vehicle efficiency. Some future challenges were also looked at to plan and see how they can be tackled. The implementation of next level materials in different aspects of technology can lead to growth in the efficiency, quality of engineering parts and machines. This paper is a summary of the improvement in high performance materials both inorganic and organic based. It involves thin hard coverings of their growing importance in tribological improvements for tribo- engineering implementations are looked at and studied. Results from research concerning ceramics and ceramic properties, polymers and polymer properties as well as hard coatings and show the friction and wear attributes and their potential implementation for tribo- engineering. Greasing and friction have a strong relationship with wear. The study of these three topics is essentially what tribology entails. It deals with moving, interacting surfaces in science and technology. To better regulate friction and wear, hard or soft film coating, alloying, and composite structures have all been enhanced. It is accomplished by enhancing the lubricity and wear life of materials and surfaces using novel, modified lubricants and ideas that have been put to the test in challenging tribological applications. The development of new generations of self-lubricating coats with multilayered architecture due to recent advances in thin film deposition methods treatments. The field of tribology is crucial to lowering the levels of emissions from various industries because it is being used to cut down on the amount of unnecessary energy used by mechanisms. Understanding the functions of friction and wear between two surfaces that come into contact has been the domain of tribology for many decades. They have applied this knowledge to make mechanisms more energy efficient by only using what is necessary to power them and reducing the amount of energy lost through wear and friction

The Development of Tribology in Lubrication Systems of Industrial Applications: Now and future impact

Over the past 25 years, natural resources have been used up quickly, causing significant damage and contamination to the planet which is earth. Tribology, a new technology for keeping power and parts running, supported extremely fast and efficient coal and oil-powered machinery throughout history. Many different kinds of resource reserves, like those for power and parts, will be gone in a century. Revolutionary zero-emission and durability technologies are in high demand all over the world in order to create new, truly healthy and long-lasting lifestyles for humans and other living things in a symbiotic way. Tribology is expected to expand its technological innovation in order to support a new industrial trend and meet the requirements of the sector. At the moment, the primary factors influencing engine development are cost, performance, governmental requirements, and consumer requirements. In a few instances, the requirements are linked to tribology. For engines to last longer and be more reliable, tribology advancements that reduce friction and increase wear resistance will be crucial. The components under scrutiny are a part of the heavy-duty diesel engines’ valvetrain mechanism. The fuel injector places a lot of strain on the injection cam, making it one of the camshaft’s most problematic components. Lubrication plays a crucial role in avoiding cam failure caused by wear. The cam and roller contact, in any case, has shown to be one of the most provoking tribological plan challenges to handle. For lubricated contacts, the type and amount of wear are significantly influenced by the degree of separation between the surfaces. The term “specific film thickness” refers to this degree of separation and measures the degree to which asperities interact with one another in the lubricated contact. In order to predict lubrication regimes and, consequently, identify the injection cam’s likely wear zones, this paper focuses on measuring the oil film thickness in the cam-roller contact and other machine parts that follows. The results of the experiment (the observation of worn cam surfaces) are then confronted. In the near future, a multivariate analysis will be used to ascertain how the various parameters affect oil film thickness. The following stage will primarily focus on modeling injection cam wear, which will also include quantifying relationships between wear and a specific film thickness

The Roles of Surfactant in Tribology Applications of Recent Technology; an overview

In managing friction, wear, and lubricant qualities such as emulsification, demulsification, bio resistance, oxidation resistance, rust prevention, and corrosion resistance, surfactants play a crucial role in tribology. This is an important topic for the development of new materials and gadgets, particularly those created at the Nano-scale. The tribological characteristics of cutting fluids, lubricant performance in relation to steel surfaces, bio lubricants, and novel materials and approaches to friction and wear reduction will all be covered in this most recent edition. Numerous industries place a high priority on surface science and tribology. Almost all consumer and industrial products are manufactured and used with the aid of sophisticated surface and tribological knowledge.Amphiphilic molecules are those that function as surface-active agents or surfactants. Their tails are hydrophobic while their heads are polar, or hydrophilic. They are dispersible in both water and organic solvents. This article introduces surfactants' nature and physical traits with a focus on their importance in modern science and technology. The primary property of surfactant molecules is the ability to self-assemble into micelles, which gives us a way to apply surfactants. The study of the surfactants results in a number of practical application areas, including food, health and personal care goods, biological systems, mineral and petroleum processing, and even nanotechnology. The organisms, food manufacturing, crop protection, personal care products, mineral and petroleum processing, and other practical application areas serve as examples of what these in turn give rise to a range of operational application domains

Exchange Characteristics of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Selected Tropical Soils

Conducting binary-exchange experiments is a common way to identify cationic preferences of exchangeable phases in soil. Cation exchange reactions and thermodynamic studies of Pb 2+ /Ca 2+ , Cd 2+ /Ca 2+ , and Zn 2+ /Ca 2+ were carried out on three surface (0-30 cm) soil samples from Adamawa and Niger States in Nigeria using the batch method. The physicochemical properties studies of the soils showed that the soils have neutral pH values, low organic matter contents, low exchangeable bases, and low effective cation exchange capacity (mean: 3.27 cmolc kg −1 ) but relatively high base saturations (≫50%) with an average of 75.9%. The amount of cations sorbed in all cases did not exceed the soils cation exchange capacity (CEC) values, except for Pb sorption in the entisol-AD2 and alfisol-AD3, where the CEC were exceeded at high Pb loading. Calculated selectivity coefficients were greater than unity across a wide range of exchanger phase composition, indicating a preference for these cations over Ca 2+ . The eq values obtained in this work were all positive, indicating that the exchange reactions were favoured and equally feasible. These values indicated that the Ca/soil systems were readily converted to the cation/soil system. The thermodynamic parameters calculated for the exchange of these cations were generally low, but values suggest spontaneous reactions

Exchange Characteristics of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Selected Tropical Soils

Conducting binary-exchange experiments is a common way to identify cationic preferences of exchangeable phases in soil. Cation exchange reactions and thermodynamic studies of Pb2+/Ca2+, Cd2+/Ca2+, and Zn2+/Ca2+ were carried out on three surface (0–30 cm) soil samples from Adamawa and Niger States in Nigeria using the batch method. The physicochemical properties studies of the soils showed that the soils have neutral pH values, low organic matter contents, low exchangeable bases, and low effective cation exchange capacity (mean: 3.27 cmolc kg−1) but relatively high base saturations (≫50%) with an average of 75.9%. The amount of cations sorbed in all cases did not exceed the soils cation exchange capacity (CEC) values, except for Pb sorption in the entisol-AD2 and alfisol-AD3, where the CEC were exceeded at high Pb loading. Calculated selectivity coefficients were greater than unity across a wide range of exchanger phase composition, indicating a preference for these cations over Ca2+. The Keq values obtained in this work were all positive, indicating that the exchange reactions were favoured and equally feasible. These values indicated that the Ca/soil systems were readily converted to the cation/soil system. The thermodynamic parameters calculated for the exchange of these cations were generally low, but values suggest spontaneous reactions

A Classification System for Recurrent Ameloblastoma of the Jaws- Review of 30 Cases in Nigerians

This paper reviewed the clinicopathologic presentation of recurrent ameloblastoma in 30 Nigerian patients at three tertiary referral centers with the sole objective of developing a classification system. Most recurrences occurred in patients in their 3rd decade of life (20-29years) and males were more frequently affected than females (1.5 to 1). Though enucleation resulted in the highest rate of recurrences (30%), hemi-mandibulectomy also resulted in a 20% recurrence rate. Majority of the recurrences occurred within 5 to 9 years after primary surgery. Most primary jaw sites of the lesion corresponded with the primary jaw sites of the recurrent tumor which in itself may be a reflection of inadequate primary treatment. The most frequent anatomic site of primary tumors that recurred was c4 (highest level of ramus involvement). The most frequent anatomic classification of the recurrent tumors was recurrence at one bone margin (BIa) and recurrence at intervening /adjacent soft tissues between the resected bone edges (BIc). Mandible to maxilla recurrence increases the likelihood of extension to the skull and brain