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Why Is Charcoal So Effective for Plant Growth?
Makoto Ogawa Born in 1937 at Kyoto, Japan Graduate the doctoral course of Kyoto Univ. Fac. of Agriculture in 1965 PhD. of Kyoto Univ. (Agricultural Biology) Mycology, Mycorrhiza, Microbial ecology Engaged in Forestry and Forest Products Institute (MAFF) in 1967 Chief of Soil Microbiology Lab. and Leader of Mushroom Science Director of Biological Environment Institute (KANSO Tekunos Co. Ltd) in 1991 Visiting Prof. of Osaka Institute of Technology in 2006~ Japan Forestry Award, IUFRO Award, Nikkei Environmental Technology Awards etc.</p
Labor market regulation : international experience in promoting employment and social protection
Labor market regulation involves many aspects, ranging from how employers contract for the services of workers to the nature of the exchange, including terms of conditions of employment. This area of regulation represents an important and often controversial aspect of public policy in both developed and developing countries. Approaches are dominated by opposing views, one which favors the protection of workers through labor legislation and collective bargaining and the other which emphasizes the advantages of encouraging market processes. In the end, however, what matters are the economic and social outcomes of different approaches. This primer paper reviews different regulatory options regarding hiring and firing and wage determination and summarizes the existing knowledge about their labor market effects. It also reviews two important institutional aspects of labor market regulation -- enforcement and dispute resolution. In an annex to the paper, we summarize the statutory arrangements for various topics related to labor market regulation in 17 countries.Labor Management and Relations,Labor Standards,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies
Options of public income support for the unemployed in the Philippines and social protection
How can the income support for the unemployed Filipino workers be improved? The study analyzes both arguments in favor of, and against each of the following programs: unemployment insurance, unemployment assistance, severance pay, unemployment insurance savings accounts, public works, and self-employment programs. In doing so, it addresses the following questions: How does a candidate program interact with other labor market institutions? Does the program respond to a country's income shocks such as recessions, and natural disasters? Does the country have sufficient administrative capacity to carry out a program? Does the program fit into existing formal, and informal mechanisms of social risk management? Is there a risk of disrupting, or displacing existing mechanisms, such as transfers between family members? Is the program attuned to the prevailing norms, and culture? The study concludes that all programs have certain advantages, and disadvantages - an argument for the multiplicity of programs and flexibility of their use. Nonetheless, to enhance income protection, the paper proposes a two-prong approach: a) the expansion of public works, and b) the introduction of a new program - individual savings accounts, i.e., either as unemployment insurance savings accounts, or comprehensive savings accounts covering contingencies such as education, health, housing, and old age.Environmental Economics&Policies,Services&Transfers to Poor,Safety Nets and Transfers,Rural Poverty Reduction,Health Economics&Finance
Wreath products and projective system of non Schurian association schemes
A wreath product is a method to construct an association scheme from two
association schemes. We determine the automorphism group of a wreath product.
We show a known result that a wreath product is Schurian if and only if both
components are Schurian, which yields large families of non-Schurian
association schemes and non-Schurian -rings. We also study iterated wreath
products. Kernel schemes by Martin and Stinson are shown to be iterated wreath
products of class-one association schemes. The iterated wreath products give
examples of projective systems of non-Schurian association schemes, with an
explicit description of primitive idempotents
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