Female reproductive cycle stages (AB, C1, C2, D1 and D2, according to Geffard et al. [25]) and sampling periods for biological response measurements in males and females during the food starvation experiment.

<p>Female reproductive cycle stages (AB, C1, C2, D1 and D2, according to Geffard et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0125154#pone.0125154.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>]) and sampling periods for biological response measurements in males and females during the food starvation experiment.</p

Energy reserve levels during each stage of the reproductive cycle in females and males (mean ± SD, n = 6).

<p>A: Glycogen (mg/g wet weight), B: Lipids (mg/g wet weight), C: Total proteins (mg BSA/g wet weight), D: Available energy (mg/mg wet weight). Histograms with the same letters are not statistically different (Kruskal-Wallis test: <i>p</i><0.05).</p

Amylase (A, μg maltose/mg BSA/min) and trypsin (B, μg p-Na/mg BSA/min) activity levels in <i>Gammarus fossarum</i> exposed to 3 levels of food starvation (control: fed 7 days a week; 2/7: fed 2 days a week; 1/7: fed 1 day a week) after 11 and 43 days (means ± SD, n = 6).

<p>For each date and gender, bars with the same letter were not significantly different (p < 0.05). The hash (#) symbol points to significant changes between the two sampling times for each diet condition (p < 0.05).</p

Available energy (mJ/mg wet weight) in <i>Gammarus fossarum</i> females and males exposed to three levels of diet stress (control, fed 7 days per week; fed 2 days per week; and fed 1 day per week) after 11 and 23 days (mean ± SD, n = 6).

<p>Stars indicate significant differences between the starved organisms and the fed control organisms (Mann-Whitney test: <i>p</i><0.05). The hash (#) symbol indicates a significant difference between the two sampling time points for each diet condition tested (Mann-Whitney test: <i>p</i><0.05).</p

Digestive enzymes activities in <i>Gammarus fossarum</i> females (♀) and males (♂) exposed to three levels of diet stress (control, fed 7 days per week; fed 2 days per week; and fed 1 day per week) after 11 and 23 days (mean ± SD, n = 6).

<p>A: Amylase (mg maltose/mg BSA/min), B: Trypsin (µg p-Na/mg BSA/min). Stars indicate significant differences between the starved organisms and the fed control organisms (Mann-Whitney test: <i>p</i><0.05). The hash (#) symbol indicates a significant difference between the two sampling time points for each diet condition tested (Mann-Whitney test: <i>p</i><0.05).</p

Available energy (mJ/mg wet weight) in <i>Gammarus fossarum</i> exposed to 3 levels of food starvation (controls: fed 7 days a week; 2/7: fed 2 days a week; 1/7: fed 1 day a week) after 11 and 43 days (means ± SD, n = 6).

<p>For each date and gender, bars with the same letter were not significantly different (p < 0.05). The hash (#) symbol points significant changes between the two sampling times in each diet condition (p < 0.05).</p

Digestive enzyme activities during each stage of the reproductive cycle in females and males (mean ± SD, n = 6).

<p>A: Amylase (mg maltose/mg BSA/min), B: Cellulase (mg maltose/mg BSA/min), C: Trypsin (µg p-Na/mg BSA/min). Histograms with the same letters are not statistically different (Kruskal-Wallis test: <i>p</i><0.05).</p

Mean embryo numbers in <i>Gammarus fossarum</i> females exposed to 3 levels of diet starvation (control: fed 7 days a week; 2/7: fed 2 days a week; 1/7: fed 1 day a week) after 43 days (means ± SD, n = 6).

<p>Bars with the same letter were not significantly different (p < 0.05).</p

Intensities of internal standard metabolites (normalized to the maximal response) analyzed by LC(RPLC)-(ESI+)- or LC(HILIC)-(ESI-)- HRMS after extraction of 50 mg or 25 mg of brain with 2.5 mL or 7 mL of MeOH/H₂O/heptane.

(PDF)</p

Fig 7 -

Intensities of targeted metabolites detected in fish, liver, brain and gills, analyzed in (a) RPLC(ESI+) and (b) HILIC(ESI-).</p